x

subfamily

uploads/subfamily.jpg

subfamily n.【生物學】亞科。

n. 【生物學】亞科。 “subfamily aparallactinae“ 中文翻譯：   食蚣蝰亞科“subfamily atractaspidinae“ 中文翻譯：   穴蝰亞科“subfamily calamariinae“ 中文翻譯：   鐵線蛇亞科“subfamily colubrinae“ 中文翻譯：   黃頷蛇亞科“subfamily culidinae“ 中文翻譯：   庫蚊亞科“subfamily dipsadinae“ 中文翻譯：   食蝸蛇亞科“subfamily homalopsinae“ 中文翻譯：   水游蛇亞科“subfamily natricinae“ 中文翻譯：   游蛇亞科“subfamily pareatinae“ 中文翻譯：   鈍頭蛇亞科“subfamily psammophiinae“ 中文翻譯：   花條蛇亞科“subfamily pseudoxenodontinae“ 中文翻譯：   斜鱗蛇亞科“subfamily toxorhynchitinae“ 中文翻譯：   巨蚊亞科“subfamily xenodermatinae“ 中文翻譯：   閃皮蛇亞科“subfamily xenodontinae“ 中文翻譯：   異齒蛇亞科“virus subfamily“ 中文翻譯：   病毒亞科“subfamily bellusaurinae dong“ 中文翻譯：   巧龍亞科“subfamily boinae；boas“ 中文翻譯：   蚺亞科“subfamily cetiosaurinae ly dekker“ 中文翻譯：   似鯨龍亞科“subfamily crotalinae；pit vipers“ 中文翻譯：   響尾蛇亞科“subfamily erycinae；sand boas“ 中文翻譯：   沙蚺亞科“subfamily euhelopodinae romer“ 中文翻譯：   盤足龍亞科“subfamily hadrosaurinae lambe“ 中文翻譯：   鴨嘴龍亞科“subfamily laticaudinae；sea kraits“ 中文翻譯：   扁尾海蛇亞科“subfamily mamenchisaurinae dong“ 中文翻譯：   馬門溪龍亞科“subfalcine herniation“ 中文翻譯：   大腦鐮下疝“subfactorial“ 中文翻譯：   子階乘

subfloor

Among them include 38 individuals ( including 3 individuals of 3 populations of genus adelphocoris ) of 21 species , 9 genera of subfamily mirinae , 2 individuals of 1 species , 1 genera of subfamily orthotylinae , 12 individuals of 7 species , 6 genera of subfamily phylinae , 2 individuals of 2 species , 1 genera of subfamily deraeocorinae , 1 individuals of 1 species , 1 genera of subfamily bryocorinae , and 2 individuals of 2 outgroup species belonging to 2 genera of subfamily anthocoridae as well 其中盲蟑亞科9屬刀種的38個個體（包括首淆盲峙屬adelphocoris的3個種群3個個體人合墊盲螃亞科1屬1種的2個個體，葉盲螃亞科6屬7種的12個個體，齒爪盲螃亞科1屬二種的2個個體，顏盲螃亞科1屬1種1個個體，以及作為外群的花螃科2屬2種的2個個體。

By means of discontinuous tris - hcl buffer system and poly aery 1 amide gel electrophoresis ( page ) , zymogram of 23 species of 11 genera in 4 subfamilies mirinae , orthotylinae , phylinae and deraeocorinae are gained . by specific primer pcr and sequencing , 57 cyt b gene 433bp sequences are obtained from 34 species respectively belonging to 17 genera in 5 subfamilies mirinae , orthotylinae , phylinae , deraeocorinae , bryocorinae from 64 species of 23 genera which involved in this research , and 2 outgroup species of family anthocoridae as well . 1 首次通過特異引物擴增和基因測序的研究方法從被試的5亞科23個屬的64種盲蝽中獲得了盲蝽亞科、合墊盲蝽亞科、葉盲蝽亞科、赤爪盲蝽亞科和蕨盲蝽亞科bryocorinae5個亞科17個屬的34種盲蝽以及外群花蝽科anthocoridae2種花蝽的cytb基因序列57條。

1 . because the taxonomic division is rather complex and has been much disputed and revised , in this part , we will review the classification and phylogeny of families , subfamilies and tribes of anseriformes based on morphology , ethology , osteology , mitochondrial and nuclear dna restriction fragment length polymorphism , single - copy nuclear dna hybridization and the sequences of mitochondrial gene analysis referring to the different definition , classification and phylogenetic relationships of the families , subfamilies and tribes of anseriformes . the controversial questions and deficiency in the systematic studies of anseriformes were pointed out 具體包括以下幾個部分： 1 、針對雁形目鳥類異常復雜的分類狀況及分類上存在的爭議，根據雁形目鳥類的形態學、行為學、骨骼學、角蛋白、線粒體與核dna酶切片段長度多態、單拷貝核dna - dna雜交及線粒體基因dna序列分析等方面的研究，對雁形目鳥類分類中科、亞科和族的劃分及其相互間的系統發生關系進行綜述，分析系統學研究中存在的不足，提出了雁形目鳥類分類中急需解決的問題。

The phylogenetic trees promulgate that : ( a ) est traits significantly differ between different generic taxa and between different species in the same genus , ( b ) similarity degree of est traits between different taxa is not correlative to that of morphological characters . some morphological taxa in traditional classification are not monophyletic group , ( c ) relationship among subfamilies based on est characters is somewhat compatible to intrafamily phylogeny proposed by schuh ( 1976 ) , but it is clear that orthotylinae and phylinae are not directly sister grouped 分析結果表明( 1 )酯酶同工酶酶譜特征在不同屬級單元之間以及同屬的不同種類之間都存在著明顯的差異： ( 2 )不同屬種之間酯酶同工酶特征的相似程度與外部形態特征之間的相似程度不一致性，以外部形態為主要依據的傳統分類的一些屬不是真正的單系群。

208 pathogens , including 183 species of fungi , 1 bacteria , 2 fastidious prokaryotes , 1 virus , 3 nematodes and 18 mites , on the 148 bamboo species ( classification unite ) , 10 genera , 1 subfamily were collected from the relevant references in the period from 1975 to 2006 摘要從1975至2006年的有關科技資料中，匯總到中國1竹亞科10屬148竹種（分類單位）上的病原物208種，其中真菌183種、細菌1種、難培養原核生物2種、病毒1種、線蟲3種、螨類18種。

The oedipodidae family can be divided to four subfamilies . a ( aiolopus fieber ) , b ( sphingonotus fieber ) , c ( ( locusta l . + gastrimargus saussure ) + oedaleus fieber ) , d ( ( bryodemella yin + bryodema fieber ) + angaracris b . - bienko ) . the phylogenetic relationship of these four subfamilies is ( ( ( b + d ) + c ) + a ) 科內主要類群之間的關系： 《 《小車蝗車蝗）飛蝗） （束頸蚌（皺膝蝗（癡蝗異枷蝗》 ） ）綠紋蝗） 5

Ugt1a9 is a member of ugt1a subfamily . the gene of ugt1 family is constituted of four common exons and one specific first exon . there are at least 12 kinds of the first exon identified in human being , among which nine exons belong to ugt1a subfamily Ugt1族基因基因由四個共同的外顯子和一個不同的第一外顯子組成，在人類至少已鑒定出12種不同的ugt1族第一外顯子[ 4 ， 5 ] ，其中， ugt1a族至少有9種蛋白， ugt1a9是其中的一員。

Tachinus is one of the largest genera of the subfamily tachyporinae in the family staphylinidae . it was established by gravenhorst in 1802 . latreille ( 1810 ) designated staphylinus rufipes linne as the type species for the genus 圓胸隱翅蟲屬tachinus是隱翅蟲科staphylinidae 、尖腹隱翅蟲亞科tachyporinae 、尖腹隱翅蟲族tachyporini中的一個大屬，由gravenhorst ( 1802 )創立，模式種為staphylinusrufipeslinn 。

At present there are two viewpoints about its phylogeny , 1 ) a system representative of ching ' s ( 1978 ) , it is recognized as a family . 2 ) a system representative of kramer & kato ( 1990 ) , it is recognized as a subfamily to dryopteridaceae 目前關于蹄蓋蕨科的系統位置主要有兩種觀點： 1 )以秦仁昌( 1978 )為代表的系統，將該科作為獨立的科； 2 )以kramer & kato ( 1990 )為代表的系統，將該科作為亞科歸入大鱗毛蕨科。

Some compounds made from separate virus strains have been successfully used in vaccines against viruses from the same subfamily , such as smallpox in humans , which is made from cowpox virus , and human measles vaccines for canine distemper in puppies 一些單獨的病毒的混合,已經成功做成對抗病毒的疫苗,譬如像人類的天花,是相同的亞科病毒，是利用牛痘病毒做成的，而且人類的麻疹為小狗的大瘟熱疫苗。

Totally , there are 7 tribes 57 genera and 320 species known in this subfamily over the world , of which 3 tribes , 39 genera and 170 species in asia - pacific area , and 3 tribes , 18 genera and 43 species known from china 該亞科全世界現已知7族57屬320多種，均分布于東半球，包括非洲區、古北區、東洋區和大洋洲區。亞太地區分布有3族39屬170多種。我國已知3族18屬43種。

Repeat this way until sequences in obtained new subfamilies are enough short to be aligned easily . after aligning these new families optimally , the original family is also aligned by concatenating these resulting alignments 重復這個處理過程直至得到充分短的序列集而能輕易的被對齊；接著，最優化對齊這些短序列子集；最后，通過連接對齊矩陣，得到全序列的對齊。

Molecular systematics of partial species belonging to 5 subfamilies of miridae are investigated in this study by using esterase isozyme ( est ) and cytochrome b ( cyt b ) gene in mitochondrial dna as molecular marks 運用酯酶同工酶和線粒體dna中編碼細胞色素b蛋白質的基因cytb作為分子標記，對盲蝽科miridae的5個亞科的部分種類進行了分子系統學研究。

Each subfamily can be specialized as well ; for instance , the powerpc 440gx s dual gigabit ethernet and tcp ip off - load acceleration can decrease utilization for packet - intensive applications by more than 50 percent 每個子系列都可以專用，例如， powerpc 440gx的雙千兆以太網和tcp / ip負載加速可以減少報文密集型應用對cpu的占用率50 %以上。

The family group includes taxa at the ranks of superfamily , family , subfamily , tribe , and any other rank below superfamily and above the genus group that may be required , such as subtribe [ art . 35 . 1 ] 科群包括首科、科、亞科、族等層級的分類單元,以及需要時在首科之下和屬群之上加入的任何其他層級的分類單元,如亞族[第35條1 ] 。

Dromaeosaruid theropods can be restricted in the unique family dromaeosauridae ; furthermore , this family may also be subdivided into two subfamilies dromaeosauridae and velociraptorinae 奔龍類自成一科，即奔龍科( dromaeosauridae ) ，它又可進一步分為奔龍亞科( dromaeosaurinae )與疾走龍亞科( velociraptorinae ) 。

Sequence divergences within these grasshoppers indicate that cyt b is a useful marker at the generic and species level for phylogenetic study , but there is problem at the subfamily level 囚此， cytb基因在對斑翅蝗科科下種屬階元的分類與進化關系研究中，是一個有效的分于標記。

American musteline mammal typically ejecting an intensely malodorous fluid when startled ; in some classifications put in a separate subfamily mephitinae 美洲鼬科哺乳動物，特征是受驚嚇時噴出有濃烈臭味的液體；在一些分類中作為鼬科中一個獨立的子科。

Following the revision by zhang & webb ( 1996 ) on oriental leafhopper subfamily selenocephalinae further material was borrowed to promote our study on this group 本文是關于亞太地區緣脊葉蟬形態、分類、系統發育和生物地理學方面的綜合研究論文。