P - predation 中文

predation n.1.掠奪的行為。2.捕食其他動物的生存方法。

predator
The relationship among searching efficiency ( e ) , the prey density ( n ) and the adult ladybird density ( p ) was simulated as e = 0 . 3 1 10 / ( 0 . 7842 + 0 . 000404 n + 0 . 21 58 p ) by beddington ' s model e = at / [ 1 + athn + btw ( p - 1 ) ] , i . e . the searching efficiency declined when the adult ladybird and the prey densities increased . in the single predator - two preys system , the selective predation of the adult female beetle to both eggs of b . tabaci and t . nr . fijiensis was discussed when two preys coexisted 當兩種獵物共存時，在不同總獵物密度下，測定了捕食者對各獵物的喜好性和轉換行為，分析了兩種獵物共存時，小黑瓢蟲雌成蟲對各獵物的功能反應形式，結果表明:當兩種獵物共存時，小黑瓢蟲雌成蟲對煙粉虱卵在低密度下不表現喜好性，而在中等密度和高密度下表現正喜好性，對紅蜘蛛卵在各密度下均不表現喜好性;對煙粉虱卵的轉換效應會由于總獵物密度的不同而呈現不同的效應，而對紅蜘蛛卵則在各總獵物密度下均呈現負轉換效應。
Age as one of the internal factors can affect the value of venturous revenue through acting on the checking results of the external factors ( e . g . , predation pressure ) , and thereby affect the optimal migrating strategies . therefore , the patterns for dvm vary with the change of the animal ' s age 作為內部狀態因子的年齡，因對外部因子(如捕食壓力)識別結果的影響而對風險收益值有較大的影響，從而影響橈足類垂直遷移的最佳策略，導致其遷移的形式隨年齡的變化而變化，一般來說，年齡越大的動物垂直遷移的時間越早、幅度越大； 3
The application of nitrogen fertilizer affected positively and negatively the predation abilities both in laboratories and fields by its indirect and direct roles in the trophic relationship among host plants , herbivores and predators , the improvement of nutrients and the modification of allelochemicals in host plants 摘要施用氮肥后可以直接或間接地通過對植物害蟲天敵三者之間關系的干預、改變寄主植物內的營養成分和次生化學物質的含量等從正反兩個方面影響捕食性天敵的捕食能力。
In the summer stratified water column , the deeper the maximum depth of food distribution is , the stronger the dvm is performed ; the increase of the gradient of temperature in the thermocline layer can decrease the magnitude of the dvm and form the thermal barricade to the copepod ; the effects of the predation pressure on dvm is complex . on the one hand , the variations in the distribution depth of the predation pressure vs . the thermocline layer or the depth of the maximum food can modify the dvm patterns of the copepod . on the other hand , different predation pressure induces different dvm patterns 在夏季分層水體中，食物的最大分布深度越大，動物向下遷移的幅度也越大；溫躍層的溫度梯度增大可以減小動物遷移的幅度，成為橈足類垂直遷移的溫度屏障；捕食壓力對垂直遷移的影響較復雜，一方面，捕食壓力的分布深度與溫躍層或食物峰值的相對位置的變化能夠改變橈足類垂直遷移的模式，另一方面，捕食壓力強度不同，橈足類垂直遷移的幅度也不同，捕食壓力越大，遷移的幅度越大，當捕食壓力增加到一定程度，橈足類停止向上的遷移，大部分時間呆在水體深層，可能進入捕食壓力引起的“滯育”狀態。
In this dissertation , the interactive system of delphastus catalinae ( horn ) , its preys and competitor was studied , including comparison between alternative preys and natural prey consumed by d . catalinae ; the system of d . catalinae and its preys ; morphology comparison between d . catalinae and its competitor serangium japonicum chapin ; biology , ecology and predation of s . japonicum ; and also the interspecies competition between d . catalinae and s . japonicum . 1 . besides whitefly pests , d . catalinae could also feed on two species of alternative preys : tetranychus nr Fijiensis和桃蚜myzuspersicae ( sulzer ) ，并在實驗室條件下，以自然獵物煙粉虱bemisiatabaci為對照，研究了替代獵物對小黑瓢蟲的發育、存活、繁殖及對實驗種群增長的綜合影響，結果表明： ( 1 )小黑瓢蟲以蚜蟲為獵物時，成蟲不會產卵，但可延長成蟲的壽命；以紅蜘蛛為獵物時，成蟲可產卵并可完成整個世代。
Both oxyopes sertatus and harpactor fuscipes are important predators of common cutworm ( spodoptera litura ) on tobacco . the effect of several interference factors on the predations of o . sertatus and h . fuscipes on the larvae of s . litura were examined in laboratory . the results indicated that there were significant mutual interferences on their predations with the existence of other individual in the same / different species . as the number of the predator increased , the predation rates decreased significantly . the interference coefficients ( m ) within h . fuscipes and within o . sertatus were 0 . 7278 and 0 . 6911 , respectively , while the interference coefficient ( m ) between o . sertatus and h . fuscipes was 0 . 9464 . these results showed that the effect of mutual interference on predation in interspecies was more obvious than that in intraspecies . the number of prey captured and the predation rate of predator dropped with increasing the number of tobacco stalks . this result suggested that spatial heterogeneity was also an important factor affecting the predation of predator on prey 斜紋貓蛛和紅彩真獵蝽均是煙草上斜紋夜蛾的重要捕食性天敵.室內測定幾種干擾因素對斜紋貓蛛和紅彩真獵蝽捕食作用的影響,結果表明這些干擾因素對斜紋貓蛛種內、紅彩真獵蝽種內和兩種捕食者種間的捕食作用均有明顯的干擾作用,隨捕食者數量的增加,其對斜紋夜蛾捕食作用率顯著降低.斜紋貓蛛種內的干擾系數和紅彩真獵蝽種內的干擾系數分別為0 . 7278和0 . 6911 ,而兩者種間的干擾系數為0 . 9464 ,說明兩者種間的干擾作用要明顯高于同一種捕食者種內的干擾作用.兩種捕食性天敵對斜紋夜蛾的捕食量和捕食作用率隨煙草莖桿數的增加而降低,表明空間異質性同樣是影響兩種捕食性天敵捕食作用的一個重要因素
In summary , the exotic species can affect native bird species in four main ways , 1 ) predation of birds or eggs by the exotic mammals ; 2 ) competition for habitats and foods with exotic birds , and loss of genetic diversity by hybridization with the closely - related exotic species ; 3 ) direct and indirect alterations of native habitats and food resources , and predation by the exotic invertebrates ; and 4 ) loss and fragmentation of habitats for native birds through altering species composition and structure of native plant communities by exotic plants 外來生物對鳥類的影響主要表現在以下幾方面： ( 1 )外來哺乳動物對成鳥、幼鳥或鳥卵的捕食作用； ( 2 )外來鳥類與本地鳥類競爭棲息地和食物資源，與當地的近緣種雜交而造成基因流失； ( 3 )外來無脊椎動物改變本地鳥類的棲息環境和食物狀況，甚至直接捕食本地鳥類； ( 4 )外來植物入侵改變入侵地的植物群落組成和結構，造成本地鳥類的棲息地喪失或破碎化，并通過改變入侵地生態系統的食物鏈結構而對高營養級的鳥類產生影響。
The more wheat leaves the larvae encounter , which means more interference is met during predation , the lower the predation efficiency is observed . 4 . in the situation of lack of prey , the average survival time of e . balteatus larvae , whose growth stages are 0 h , 24 h , 48 h and 72 h , are 1 . 53 d , 2 . 48 d , 3 . 06 d and 3 . 75 d respectively 首次通過饑餓試驗表明生長發育0h 、 24h 、 48h 、 72h的黑帶食蚜蠅幼蟲在完全饑餓條件下平均分別可以存活1 . 53d 、 2 . 48d 、 3 . 06d 、 3 . 75d ，耐饑餓能力強，在獵物密度比較低時，可以維持一定的種群數量。
Some workers reasoned that these features evolved to permit predation on insects , others proposed that they enabled the procurement of fruit from the tips of tree branches , and still others envisioned these traits as adaptations to a mode of locomotion combining grasping and leaping 有些研究者推斷，這些特徵是為方便掠食昆蟲而演化出來，有些人則猜測這些特徵讓?們得以采摘樹枝末端的果子，還有其他人認為，這些特性是為了適應某種兼具抓握與跳躍的移動形式而演化出來的。
The dvm behavior of the copepod is controlled by multi - factors . the diversified migrating patterns show that copepod is the active decision - maker , which can achieve the optimal food intake during its avoiding predation by performing the normal dvm ; 2 足類的晝夜垂直遷移行為是由多因子控制的，其遷移模式的多樣性表明，橈足類是主動的決策者，通過識別環境因子的變化，橈足類借助于常規的晝夜垂直遷移在逃避捕食壓力的同時能夠實現最優的食物攝取量； 2
If the predation hypothesis is correct , it might explain why hominids of the genus homo , such as homo erectus , survived to give rise to modern humans while other relatives such as paranthropus , that lived alongside for hundreds of thousands of years , died out 報道說，如果上述觀點正確的話，那么將不難解釋為何一些原始人類如直立人，生活在距今約180萬20萬年前能夠生存下來，并進化成現在的人類而另外一些原始人如傍人paranthropus卻最終走向了滅絕。
The best searching densities of the first , second and third instar larva of e . balteatus are 6 . 73 , 10 . 09 and 44 . 03 aphids respectively . 3 . the predation ratio of e . balteatus is the lowest at 14 ? and the predation ratio at 18 c , 22 c , 26 c and 30 c are not different 黑帶食蚜蠅1齡、 2齡和3齡幼蟲對麥長管蚜的最佳尋找密度分別為6 . 73頭、 10 . 09頭、 44 . 03頭，這對田間利用黑帶食蚜蠅幼蟲防治麥長管蚜有一定參考價值。
There have been a fair amount of previous works on the standard lotka - volterra type prey - predator model ( see [ 1 ] - [ 3 ] ) , in which the mean predation rate was also assumed to be dependent on the density of the prey 對于這方面的研究，已經取得了很多令人振奮的結果。比如說，對于標準的lotka - volterra型捕食被捕食模型(參見[ 1 ] [ 3 ] ) ，在這些模型中考慮的平均捕食率一般基于食餌種群的密度。
In this paper , predation , starvation endurance ability , foraging behavior of e . balteatus and the effect of different aphides on its growth and development , have been studied . the main results are as follows : 1 本文研究了黑帶食蚜蠅的捕食行為、搜索行為及激發因子、饑餓耐受性、功能反應、捕食作用及影響因素、不同獵物對黑帶食蚜蠅生長發育的影響等。
About 6 per cent of all a . afarensis bones , however , show tooth marks that are consistent with predation , indicating that this was a major cause of death . “ fossil teeth were n ' t good for eating meat , so why would we hunt meat ? 另外，有大約6的阿法南猿的骨骼化石上都留有其它食肉動物的牙印，這說明當時受到其它動物的捕捉是導致他們死亡的一個主要原因。
The course covers productivity and biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems , trophic dynamics , community structure and stability , competition and predation , evolution and natural selection , population growth and physiological ecology 課程包含生態系之生產力與生物地質化學循環、營養動力學、群落結構與穩定性、競爭與捕食、演化與天擇、族群成長，及生理生態學。
Augustin fuentes , of notre dame university , indiana , said : “ the bottom line is that predation is important for our evolution . humanity evolved more by helping each other than by fighting with one another . 久而久之，這種小小的不同就會演變成一種巨大的生存優勢，會有越來越多不善于逃避的原始人類受到捕捉，并最終走向滅亡。
Most students of ageing agree that an animal ' s maximum lifespan is set by how long it can reasonably expect to escape predation , disease , accident and damaging aggression by others of its kind 多數老齡化研究的學生認為動物的最大生命期是由對其躲避捕獵、疾病，意外及同類的進攻傷害的時間的合理預測而決定的。
The fastest land animal in the world , cheetahs once thrived in africa and asia , but lion predation haunts their young , and farms and ranching have reduced their habitat 獵豹是陸地上速度最快的動物，曾在亞非大地上大量生長，但它們的幼獸常為獅子等捕食，棲息場所也因不斷增加的農莊和牧場而縮減。

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predation

predation n.1.掠奪的行為。2.捕食其他動物的生存方法。

predator