O - osteological 中文 - EN166

osteological adj.骨學(上)的。

osteologist
The results show that ( 1 ) loops are in general more variable than stems , and in loops a strong adenine bias are observed : ( 2 ) there does not exist a saturation effect in stems , loops or all positions of the 16s rrna gene fragments : ( 3 ) in the molecular cladogram , bagarius forms a sister group with glyptothorax , and euchiloganis forms a sister group with pareuchiloglanis , and exostoma forms a sister group with glyptosternum : ( 4 ) the phlogenetic positions of pseudecheneis , exostoma and glyptosternum are not recognized ; the glyptosternoid fishes are not monophyly although they are defined by 13 osteological apomorphies ; the incongruence of cladograms between molecular and morphological sets may be caused by less informative sites of the 550 homologous sites ; ( 5 ) e . davidi and e . kishinouyei could be the same species according to the genetic distances ; p . sinensis and p . anteanalis could be too 結果表明： ( 1 )環區平均變異位點較莖區多，有很強的a偏好性； ( 2 )沒有替代飽和現象； ( 3 )分子系統樹上?屬和紋胸?屬構成姐妹群，石爬?屬和?屬構成姐妹群， ?屬和原?屬構成姐妹群； ( 4 ) ?屬、原?屬和褶?屬的系統發育位置不定， ? ?魚類并未形成一個單系類群；可能的原因是所得到的16srrna基因片段信息位點太少； ( 5 )青石爬?和黃石爬?可能是同一物種，中華?和前臀?可能是同一物種。
This study : ( 1 ) provides the most detailed osteological and integumentary descriptions on liaoning deinonychosaurs ; ( 2 ) proposes an evolutionary model for feather evolution ; ( 3 ) analyzes the interrelationships of the coelurosauria ; ( 4 ) evaluates the effects of combining information from different parts of the body in reconstructing coelurosaurian evolution , and ( 5 ) discusses the evolutionary trend within the coelurosauria and particularly those features related to the origin of avian flight 本研究： ( 1 )提供了有關遼寧恐爪龍類最詳細的骨骼學信息； ( 2 )提出了羽毛演化的一個新模型； ( 3 )綜合地分析了虛骨龍類的系統關系； ( 4 )分析身體不同部位的信息對復原系統發育的影響及虛骨龍類各個演化階段身體不同部位的相對演化程度； ( 5 )討論了虛骨龍類的演化趨向，尤其是和飛行起源相關特征的變化。
Ophichthidae possess similar morphological or osteological characters , so more difficult to be identified 但其外形相似，又缺少鱗片、腹鰭和尾鰭等結構，鑒別特徵較少。