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oligopoly

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oligopoly n.(pl. -lies) 商品供應壟斷〔資本主義市場少...

n. (pl. -lies) 商品供應壟斷〔資本主義市場少數公司或供貨人搞的控制〕。 n. -gopolist 市場供應壟斷者。 adj. -listic “collusive oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭勾結壟斷“differentiated oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   差別寡頭壟斷“imperfect oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   少數生產者控制的不完全市場“monopoly and oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   壟斷與寡頭壟斷“oligopoly market“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭市場“oligopoly model“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭模型“oligopoly models“ 中文翻譯：   市場控制模型“oligopoly price“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭壟斷售價; 寡占售價; 賣主控制價格; 賣主壟斷售價“oligopoly theory“ 中文翻譯：   控制市場理論“perfect oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   少數供應商生產的無差別商品的競爭; 完全壟斷“monopolistic competition and oligopoly“ 中文翻譯：   壟斷競爭與寡頭壟斷“oligopoly and game theory“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭壟斷與對策論“oligopoly and oligopsony price“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭壟斷和寡頭統購價格“oligopolistic structure“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭壟斷結構“oligopolistic markets“ 中文翻譯：   少數賣主壟斷的市場“oligopolistic economy“ 中文翻譯：   寡占經濟“oligopolistic competition“ 中文翻譯：   寡頭壟斷控制下的競爭“oligopolistic behavior“ 中文翻譯：   寡占行為

oligopsony

It respectively creates models of distribution of benefits between leading enterprise and farmers in the market structures of buyer ' s monopoly and oligopoly , successive monopoly and oligopoly . through comparison and analysis , it reaches the following conclusion : different market structures and transaction costs are the main determinant in the distribution of benefits between leading enterprise and farmers and the major factors influencing the relationship between leading enterprise and farmers 對買方壟斷和寡頭、連續壟斷和寡頭的市場結構中龍頭企業和農戶的利益分配分別構造模型，進行對比分析，結論認為：不同市場結構和交易成本的變化是龍頭企業與農戶利益分配的主要決定因素，也是影響龍頭企業同農戶關系的主要因素。

This thesis , taking fund operation as a study object , zeroes on economic situation resulting in the problems of fund operation in life insurance company such as falling interest rate , unripe financial market , irrational macro economic environment , lack of talents , oligopoly in life insurance industry and bad loan in history in life insurance company 長期以來壽險資金的主要運用途徑之一是銀行存款和國債，占總投資資金70左右，銀行存款、國債都是利率敏感性產品。從1996開始我國銀行利率已連續下調8次，一年期利率從10 . 98降到2002年的1 . 98 ，隨著銀行利率的下調，國債利率同步調整，致使壽險資金的利息收入和投資收益大減。

The conclusions of the thesis include : 1 ) the electricity market is a oligopoly market , and the technical characteristic of the production and demand of electricity and the oligopoly competition based on its are the origin of market power ; 2 ) the uniform - price spot market of electricity can be easily impacted by the game behavior , i . e . , the exercise of their market power , of the electricity generation companies 本文的結論包括： ( 1 )電力市場是寡頭壟斷市場，電力生產和需求的技術特征以及在此基礎上的寡頭競爭，是電力市場的市場力存在的根源。 ( 2 )價格統一出清的電力現貨市場容易受發電企業博弈行為，即實施市場力作用的沖擊。

Particularly speaking , the goal pattern of optimizing china ' s petroleum industrial organization is as following . firstly , from the view of market structure , the market is oligopoly with scale economy and competition . secondly , from the view of market conduct , the government can exercise effective regulation by laws and rules , while enterprises have sufficient ability of self - organization 具體來說，中國石油產業組織優化的目標模式是：從市場結構看，是規模經濟與競爭活力兼容的寡占型市場結構；從市場行為看，一方面，政府能依據法律和規章實施有效的規制，另一方面，企業具有很強的自組織能力。

This article aims to analyze the market structure , behaviors and market performance of china insurance industry under the guidance of the theory of industrial structure . it concludes that oligopoly is one of the implicit features of china insurance market , and state - owned property takes the monopoly position in the market 本文運用產業組織理論的scp分析框架，較為全面而系統地對保險業市場結構、市場行為和市場績效，以及相關的產業政策進行了研究，為我國保險業改革和發展政策提供理論依據。

The thesis firstly focuses on the market structure , which is characterized in the co - existing of monopoly , oligopoly and competition . after a brief review of china ' s telecommunications price reform , the author starts to analyze the influence of the monopoly , oligopoly , competition and the regulation on the telecommunications prices and to introduce two practical pricing models 由于寡頭壟斷和競爭也是電信市場結構特點的一個重要組成部分，本文又從這兩個角度分析了市場結構對價格的影響，并進一步指出管制對于限制壟斷、保證適度競爭的作用。

First , it can be seen through market environmental analysis that with the fast growth of chongqing economy , the increase of mid class , the new developing opportunities for chongqing ping an life insurance company with the entry of wto and the lower competitive intensity of chongqing life insurance market of under oligopoly , the coming 3 - 5years will become a chance window of development of chongqing ping an life insurance company 首先，通過對營銷環境的研究可以看出，重慶經濟的高速成長、中產階層的不斷擴大、加入wto將帶給較早市場化、國際化的重慶平安的新的發展機遇和目前仍處于競爭強度不高的寡頭壟斷階段的重慶壽險市場等等，都預示著未來3 ? 5年將是重慶平安人壽發展的“機會窗” 。

Wall street ' s sensitivity to charges that it operates as an underwriting oligopoly dates back at least to the glass - steagall act of 1933 when commercial banks were forced to sell or close their underwriting business , in effect reinforcing the franchises of “ bulge - bracket ” securities firms 華爾街對于指控非常敏感，它作為保險業的寡頭而運轉至少可追溯到1933年的格拉斯-斯蒂格爾法案[ 2 ] ，其時商業銀行被迫出售或者撤銷保險業務，實際上加強了華爾街投資銀行領導集團擔保的公司的特權。

Now after several reforms on chinese telecom industry , the oligopoly has come into being in the main business of telecom such as mobile sector , local telephone sector and long - distance telephone sector . however , from the analysis of game theory it is obvious that the individual reasoning cause vicious competition in the market due to the absence of cooperation agreements or an outside binding force . so the current situation also requires the reorganization of government regulation in china 當前中國電信業經過多次改革，正在進行從國家壟斷向管制競爭的過渡，雖然我國的電信市場運營商數目大大增加，但是市場仍處于寡頭壟斷或寡頭惡性競爭的局面，寡頭有效競爭格局沒有形成，亟需政府對產業走向進行引導，進一步改善中國電信市場的結構，消除市場失靈，培養企業競爭力，改變單純依靠降價為手段的競爭方式。

The fast - changing competitive landscape and responses from competitors become major uncertain issues when companies are trying to make investment decisions . accordingly , modeling those key factors into capital budgeting process is very necessary . in monopoly or oligopoly industries , the relationship among major competitors can be well understood by means of game theory 這時在資本預算中引入對關鍵因素的判斷十分重要；在壟斷性行業中，競爭者間更多的體現為博弈關系，項目投資面臨的信息環境不僅受競爭者決策的影響，還受到公司本身的影響，這時，為了解決這種信息不確定性，引入博弈模型是一種很好的選擇。

This paper examines the relationship between financial decisions and pricing strategy in oligopoly . assuming a duopoly market structure , when firms raise prices they initially realize higher profits , but lower market shares , which in turn implies lower profits in the future 論文提出一個兩階段雙寡頭壟斷競爭模型：第一階段，公司在價格的基礎上爭奪市場份額；第二階段，公司利潤由第一階段形成的市場份額決定，并受到第一階段結束時公司財務狀況的影響。

5 . by price competition , non - price competition ( such as advertising and merger ) and standardizing disorderly competition , a new industry organization will be created which is characterized by dominated by oligopoly , large , medium and small - sized enterprises co - exist 通過價格競爭和廣告、并購等非價格競爭以及規范行業的無序競爭有利于寡頭為主導、大中小共生的產業組織的形成。

Perhaps this is because of the considerable time lag with which supply catches up with demand , and the structure of the market itself , in which there is a virtual oligopoly in the supply of property and the supply of land is controlled by the government 究其原因，可能是本港樓宇供應往往落后于需求一段相當的時間，同時在市場結構方面，樓宇供應存在寡頭壟斷，土地供應則由政府控制。

With oligopoly petroleum industry could reach scale economy , guarantee the governmental effective regulation and promote the ability of technology innovation . there are four patterns of oligopoly market structure for option , and the multipl 對石油產業來說，寡頭壟斷既可以有效實現規模經濟效益，又可保證政府對其有效調控，還可促進石油企業技術創新能力的提高。

In markets for fertilizer and for wheat , the supply and demand model does have some application ; at the same time , however , price is influenced in these examples by the oligopoly structure of the market , and by government policy , respectively 在肥料和小麥市場中，用供求模型確實可以作一些分析，但與此同時，價格又分別受到寡頭獨占的市場結構和政府政策的影響。

Meanwhile , this part has concretely described the main forms of market dominant position . these forms are composed monopoly and quasi - monopoly , absolutely superior position , oligopoly monopoly and other forms according to legal reference 參考各國反壟斷法的立法狀況,其將市場支配地位的形態劃分為獨占、準獨占、絕對優勢和寡占四種形態。

Market structure of wine industry is oligopoly . because the market concentration degree is relatively high , market performance is better when compared with other alcohol drink processing industries since 1996 由于葡萄酒行業的市場集中程度高，其市場績效(銷售收入利潤率、產值利稅率等)相比較于其他釀酒行業來說都更高，虧損面也更小。

The economies of scale in the production of residential flats have also led to an oligopoly on the supply side , with developers having greater influence on the price of residential property than would otherwise be the case 基于地產發展有經濟規模的考慮，住宅單位的供應更形成寡頭壟斷的局面，發展商有較大能力左右住宅物業的價格。

Firstly the text puts forward the concepts of “ the related industry region “ , and studies the two basis market structures of “ monopolistic competition “ and “ oligopoly “ between district industries mostly 本文首先提出了“產業相關區域”的概念，進而分析了寡頭競爭和壟斷競爭這兩種基本市場結構中的區域產業競爭。