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maastricht n.馬斯特里赫特〔荷蘭一城市〕。 Maastricht ...

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Some economists believe that even if the maastricht convergence criteria is indispensable , the european monetary union should at least invite central and eastern european countries to participate in economic policy coordination as soon as possible , on the basis of the theory of endogeneity and the experience of the erm crisis in the 1990s 摘要經濟學界基于1990年代歐洲匯率機制危機的歷史教訓,與新近發展的內生整合理論,多認為即使無法擺脫馬斯垂克條約整合門檻的法規束縛,歐洲貨幣同盟至少應盡快邀請有意加入歐元區的歐盟東歐成員國,在此一過渡階段進行密切的經濟貨幣政策協調合作,以免再度發生匯率與金融危機。

Increasing fluid intake by about a liter per day appears to have no negative effects in healthy older men , dutch researchers report . dr . mark g . spigt of maastricht university and colleagues note in the journal of the american geriatric society that older people are often dehydrated , partly because their sensation of thirst may be blunted 據路透社4月6日報道,荷蘭馬斯特里赫特大學的馬克斯皮格特博士及其同事在美國老年病學協會雜志上撰文指出,那些年紀較大的人經常會出現身體脫水的現象,其中部分原因在于其自身對于口渴的感覺可能已經變得十分遲鈍了。

Following the establishment of the european coal and steel community in 1951 , europe marched toward progressively tighter unification through establishment of the european economic community ( eec or “ common market ” ) and the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) in 1957 by the treaty of rome ; transformation of the eec into the european union ( eu ) in 1992 via the maastricht treaty signed in the netherlands ; establishment of the single market in 1993 ; and monetary unification ( conversion of national currencies into the euro ) in 2002 從1951年的歐洲煤鋼共同體,到1957年(羅馬條約)成立的歐洲共同市場和歐洲原子能委員會,再經1992年各國在荷蘭簽訂的馬斯垂克條約,成為歐洲聯盟,接著是1993年的單一市場,再到2002年的貨幣改換歐元為止,歐洲始終走向更進一步的統一。

Britain is an important country of europe , but it is not actually initiator of the european economic community and it was even against from establishing this kind of organization at the beginning . until january 1 , 1973 , it had joined officially . in 1993 , when maastricht treaty became effective officially , the british government was endowed with the right to 本文在回顧了歐元區的創建歷程,簡要介紹了英國與歐元區的關系,分析了英國不愿加入歐元區的原因及對英國經濟、歐元區各國經濟乃至世界經濟的影響,最后探討了英國加入歐元區的可能性。

Yehuda emmanuel safran studied at saint martin s school of art , the royal college of art and universitycollege , london . he taught at the architectural association , goldsmith s college , chelseaschool of art and the royal college of art , london ; as well as fine art and theory at the janvan eyckacademy , maastricht , holland Yehuda safran在倫敦藝術大學圣馬丁藝術學院,皇家藝術學院以及倫敦大學大學學院完成他的教育,曾在倫敦建筑聯盟,倫敦大學格登史密斯學院,倫敦藝術大學卻爾西學院以及皇家藝術學院任教,并在荷蘭maastricht的janvan eyck academy兼任教授美術與藝術理論。

As fiscal risk becomes more and more striking , academy circle issued many articles discussing on this issue with different opinions , but most of them refer to the requirements ruled by maastricht treaty , which are compulsory to those nations who want to join the euro system , or simply amend these requirements according to the actuality in china 日益凸現的財政風險,引起了各界人士的熱切關注,學術界就此各抒己見,但絕大多數都是參照《馬斯特利赫特條約》對要求加入歐元體系國家的指標1 ,或者是針對中國的實際對這些指標加以修正2 。

Whether the new member states are mature enough to join the euro area has been determined by two standard : one is the legal standard based on the convergence criteria of the maastricht treaty , the other one is the theoretical standard rested on the optimum currency area theory 在判斷歐盟新成員加入歐元區的時機是否成熟時,可主要遵循兩項標準:一是法律標準,基于《馬約》框架下經濟指標的趨同規定;二是理論標準,基于最適度貨幣區的組建條件。

The 1992 maastricht treaty proposed a single currency between these nations ? the united kingdom , denmark , and later sweden opted out of these plans ? and established the rules for joining , which included targets for inflation , interest rates , and budget deficits 1992年馬斯特里赫特條約建議在這些國家內實行統一的貨幣(英國、丹麥,以及其后的瑞典都決定退出這項計劃) ,并制訂了參與的規則,包括通貨膨脹的程度、利率及預算赤字等。

To avoid this , expansion has often been timed to coincide with treaty changes : a key motive for the treaties of maastricht , amsterdam and nice was the knowledge that the east europeans were waiting in the wings 為了避免此類情形,擴張的時機往往與條約修訂不謀而合:馬斯特里赫特、阿姆斯特丹和尼斯三大條約的相繼出臺,其關鍵動機在于迎合東歐人整裝待發的心理。

And if one assesses the emerging markets of asia against the maastricht criteria , one can conclude rather conveniently that asian monetary co - operation , implying asian monetary union , is a non - starter 若根據馬城條約的標準來衡量亞洲的新興市場,我們或會輕易作出結論,認為亞洲金融合作或亞洲貨幣聯盟是不可能的事。

This report impelled the european economic integration to enter a new stage . in december 1991 all heads of the european economic community passed the european union treaty , which was also called “ maastricht treaty ” 在歐元問題上,英國從最初的激烈反對到現在的沉默消極,這些都無法用純粹的物質利益因素去理解。

These findings constitute the current european guidelines ( the maastricht consensus 2000 ) for ulcer prevention in patients with coronary heart disease , stroke and arthritis 是次研究結果獲納入現時的歐洲預防冠心病、中風及關節炎病患者患上潰瘍的護理指引( themaastrichtconsensus2000 ) 。

Indeed , if you look at these figures , china also meets all the maastricht criteria which have been laid down for the introduction of european monetary union 你們看一看這些數據,便會發覺中國實際上符合為實施歐洲貨幣聯盟而訂下的《馬城條約》的所有規定。

In fact , the requirements in maastricht treaty are values concluded from experiences . moreover , to some extent , they are born with the shadow of political compromise 其實《馬約》的規定只是經驗值,而且帶有政治妥協的影子,并沒有太多的理論依據。

Indeed , if you look at these figures , china also meets all the maastricht criteria which have been laid down for introduction of european monetary union 你們看一看這些數據,便會發覺中國實際上也符合為實施歐洲貨幣聯盟而訂下的《馬城條約》的所有規定。

In order to join the euro a country must be a member of the european union and be able to pass economic tests set out by the maastricht treaty 只有歐盟的成員國在通過馬斯特里赫特條約設定的經濟測試后才有資格加入歐元區。

In order to join the euro a country must be a member of the european union and be able to pa economic tests set out by the maastricht treaty 只有歐盟的成員國在通過馬斯特里赫特條約設定的經濟測試后才有資格加入歐元區。

On february 7 , 1992 , the maastricht treaty was passed marking the formal founding of the european union 1992年2月7日在荷蘭馬斯垂克通過條約成立歐洲聯盟。

The amsterdam treaty in 1997 further strengthened the conditions of the maastricht agreement 1997年簽訂阿姆斯特丹條約,更深化馬斯垂克條約之規定事項。