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in personam 【法律】對人〔指判決的對象〕。

in petto

This article contains three parts , namely , preface , body and conclusion . the preface mainly introduces the discussing subject and writing purposes of this article . body is divided into four parts : from the beginning of actio in rem and actio in personam in roman law , the first part detailedly inspects and analyses the formation process of the dual rights system in historical research methods ; the second part discusses the theoretical framework of the dual rights structure from the aspect of system ; the third part mainly analyses the middle rights and the integration of real rights and creditor ’ s rights and the reasons for the emergence of these phenomena , pointing out that the emergence of these phenomena is unevitable in civil law system which ajusts social relationship with systematic code , and how 正文分為四個部分:第一部分采用歷史研究的方法,從羅馬法上的對人之訴和對物之訴出發,對物債二分體系的形成過程進行了細致的考察和分析;第二部分從體系化的角度討論了物債二分體系的理論構成,對其理論架構進行了總體上的研究;第三部分著重分析了物權與債權的融合和中間狀態及其出現這些現象的原因,指出在運用體系化的方法調整社會關系的過程中,出現物權和債權中間狀態的權利形態是不可避免的現象,并對如何正確看待這些問題進行了論證;第四部分在前文論述的基礎上,對我國一些學者提出的制定財產法和設立財產法總則的觀點的可行性進行了分析,指出無論是從我國大陸法系的傳統還是從技術層面來看,制定財產法或設立財產法總則都是不可行的。

The inherent benefit appears in the form of personal right and property right ; the benefit of performance appears in the form of jur in personam ; but the reliance interests ca n ' t appears in the form of some rights . there is no right reflecting the reliance interests 在表現形式上,固有利益可表現為人身權、物權等,履行利益可表現為合同債權,但信賴利益沒有自己的表現形式,與之相對應也沒有相應的權利。

Land allotment becomes unequal with the change of population . the ownership of land has ambiguous character , vacant subject and incomplete capacity . the right to operate contracted landing is right in personam and should be changed into right in rem 從理論上分析產生問題的原因主要有:一是土地所有權的性質模糊、主體虛位、權能殘缺,二是土地承包經營權不規范,應為物權而是為債權,具有債權的不穩定性。

On the other hand , it weakens the distinction between “ right of things “ and “ obligation “ , “ right of things “ are no longer the typical rights in rem , contractual rights are no longer the typical rights in personam 最后認為:價值化一方面使物權和債權統一起來,另一方面使債權和物權都在不同的程度上與其傳統的形象和特質背離,逐漸消解二者之間的嚴格的界限。

To demonstrate the independent meaning of habito , the author compare the habitio ad the right of house rent in the conception to distinguish the jur in rem and jur in personam strictly 依據嚴格區分物權與債權的觀念,對居住權與房屋租賃權進行了比較研究,彰顯了居住權的獨立意義。

But this adoption does not the change the legal nature of china ' s maritime procedure , which is still action in personam and presents no conflicts with the civil procedure 但這種吸收,沒有改變我國海事訴訟對人訴訟的根本原則,沒有在海事訴訟和民事訴訟間產生矛盾和沖突。

In personam jurisdiction 對人訴訟