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guard cell

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guard cell 【植物；植物學】保護細胞。

【植物；植物學】保護細胞。 “guard“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.警衛；警戒；看守。 2.防衛者；看守者；哨兵， ...“cell“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.小室，單室；隔間，艙；〔詩〕茅舍；(單個的)蜂 ...“guard-cell mother cell“ 中文翻譯：   保衛細胞母細胞“guard cell wall“ 中文翻譯：   保衛細胞壁“stomata guard cell“ 中文翻譯：   保衛細胞“be on guard“ 中文翻譯：   警惕“be on guard with“ 中文翻譯：   警戒“guard“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.警衛；警戒；看守。 2.防衛者；看守者；哨兵，衛兵，〔集合詞〕警衛隊；〔the G-〕 (英國等的)皇家禁衛軍；【航海】護航艦。 3.防護裝置；(車的)擋泥板；(槍的)保險；(刀、叉、劍等柄上的)護板。 4.(擊劍、拳擊等的)防護姿勢，防護術。 5.〔英國〕列車員 (＝〔美國〕 conductor)； (列車上的)司門員；制動手。 6.(籃球、足球等的)衛，后衛。 the advance [rear] guard 前[后]衛。 life guard 救生員。 mud guard 擋泥板。 catch sb. off(his) guard 乘某人不備。 come off guard 【軍事】離防，下防。 drop [lower] one's guard 喪失警惕。 get past sb.'s guard 沖破某人的防御。 guard of honour 儀仗隊。 Imperial G- 警衛兵。 keep [mount, stand] guard 站崗，守衛，放哨。 keep sb. under close guard 把某人置于嚴密監視下。 off one's guard 疏忽，不提防。 on guard 值班，當班，提防著。 on one's guard 警戒，提防。 put [throw] sb. off his guard 使某人不提防。 put [set] sb. on (his) guard 使某人提防。 relieve [change] guard 接防站崗，換崗。 row the guard 用小船在軍艦周圍巡邏。 run the guard 偷過哨兵線。 stand guard over 派人看守。 stand [be,lie] on [upon] one's guard 警戒，提防。 the Life Guards 〔英國〕禁衛騎兵第一、第二團。 the Royal Horse Guards 〔英國〕禁衛騎兵第三團。 vt. 1.防守，警衛，守衛。 2.看守，監視。 3.給…加保護裝置，對…進行校正檢查。 4.謹慎使用(言詞等)。 5.【醫學】對…配用矯正劑。 guard a fortress 防守要塞。 guard one's reputation 維護自己的名譽。 The lunatic was carefully guarded. 對瘋子嚴加看守。 vi. 1.防衛，警惕，預防 (against)。 2.警衛，看守。 3.(擊劍時)取守勢。 guard against disease 預防疾病。 “no guard“ 中文翻譯：   無防備“on guard“ 中文翻譯：   基本姿勢; 警惕,防范; 在崗, 警惕; 站崗,值班; 站崗，警戒; 值班，警戒“the guard“ 中文翻譯：   守護報“（be）on guard“ 中文翻譯：   站崗“guard safety guard“ 中文翻譯：   八畫“lifting guard; pickup guard“ 中文翻譯：   扶倒器“train guard; guard“ 中文翻譯：   運轉車長“two guard = shooting guard“ 中文翻譯：   二號后衛“a cell“ 中文翻譯：   a細胞, α細胞“cell“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.小室，單室；隔間，艙；〔詩〕茅舍；(單個的)蜂窩，蜂房。 2.〔詩〕墓穴，墓。 3.(大修道院附屬的)小修道院。 4.單人牢房。 5.【生物學】細胞；【電學】電池；元件；【建筑】(天花板的)方格板；隔板；【航空】機翼構架；【原子能】晶格，晶胞；【計算機】單元，元件；【植物；植物學】花粉囊；藥室；(氣球等的)氣囊；【氣象學】單體，環型。 6.基層組織，小組。 7.管，盒，槽。 a queen [royal] cell(養蜂)王臺。 the phase cell【統計學】相格。 a secondary cell蓄電池。 a photosensitive cell【無線電】光電管。 a rectifier cell【無線電】整流片。 the narrow cell 墓。 “cell， the“ 中文翻譯：   疑魂追兇，又名：入侵腦細胞或迷幻追兇“is cell“ 中文翻譯：   若是元胞則為真“t cell“ 中文翻譯：   t 淋巴細胞; t淋巴細胞; t細胞; 免疫細胞; 胸腺產生細胞“the cell“ 中文翻譯：   發布了; 入侵腦細胞導演剪切版; 死亡空間; 移魂追兇“a guard dog“ 中文翻譯：   擔任警戒的狗“a guard of honor“ 中文翻譯：   儀仗隊“a guard on duty“ 中文翻譯：   值勤的警衛

guard chain

Three types of cuticular thickening at the polar region of the guard cells are observed : slight cuticular thickening ; rod - shaped culicular thickening and rarely t - shaped thickening . with data obtained from the former research and personal observation , the cladistic methods were employed for the phylogenetic analysis of data and trees were rooted by out - group comparison using , the related genus kadsura . as result , a new system of the genus schisamdra michaux was reconstructed , and schisandra michaux was subdivided into 2 subgenus , 3 section , 2 series 10 species in this dissertation 整理有關五味子屬植物研究的資料，補充搜集近期發表的資料和本人研究所得數據，以種為基本單元，選擇近緣的南五味子屬( kadsura )作為外類群，采用paup4 . 0b4a軟件對本研究得出的性狀數據作分支分析，重建五味子屬的系統發育，修訂和補充五味子屬分類系統，在五味子屬下設2亞屬、 3組、 2系、 10種。

The chemiosmotic hypothesis describes the stomatal opening as a process in which the osmotic materials , mainly potassium , accumulate in guard cells , and as a result of the increase of osmotic pressure and the absorption of water into guard cells the stomata are driven to open . the energy for trans - membrane transport of k + is the hyperpolarized potential across plasmalemma , which is established by the proton extrusion 化學滲透假說認為氣孔開放是由外來滲透物質(主要是k ~ + )等在保衛細胞中的累積造成的滲透壓上升所致，而離子跨膜運輸的動力是誘導氣孔開放的因子引發的保衛細胞向胞外泵出質子所造成的超極化膜電位。

We use a specific no probe diaminofluorescein diacetate ( daf - 2da ) to visualize the changes of no content with different treatments and its localization . the no burst in arabidopsis was induced by vd - toxin , sa and h2o2 . no accumulated in the guard cells and the epidermal cells of the lower epidermal layer of arabidopsis 用no特異熒光染料daf - 2da染色得知，毒素、 sa 、 h _ 2o _ 2單獨及組合處理擬南芥下表皮條均能誘導no的積累， no主要積累于在保衛細胞腹壁上，在保衛細胞的胞質和表皮細胞的胞壁及胞質中也有no的積累。

Our research group proposed a model for osmotic - regulation in guard cell vacuoles ( gcv ) , which is depended on reversible disaggregation of particles and modulated by ph in gcv . published evidences for this model show a great increase of the distribution density going with obvious decrease in volume of the particles in gcv of open stomata in comparison with that of the stomata before open ( closed ) . during stomatal opening there is an acidification in gcv of about - 0 . 5 ph unit 作者所在試驗室提出了保衛細胞液泡內顆粒狀物質在ph介導下可逆解聚的滲透調節模型，并已發表了支持該模型的氣孔開放過程中的實驗證據(氣孔開放前后顆粒狀物的分布密度極大增加；氣孔開放過程伴隨液泡ph的下降[約0 . 5單位] ) 。

Exogenous vc completely abolished the fluorescence increase induced by nacl or nacl + aba , but exogenous cat ( 20u / ml ) could only abolish h2o2 generation in the region of plasma membrane , and had no effects on the h2o2 generation inside the guard cells , such as the regions of chloroplasts 胞外vc ( 10mm )可完全阻斷nacl及nacl + aba誘導的熒光增強，而胞外cat ( 20 ml )只能抑制nacl及nacl + aba處理時保衛細胞質膜部位的熒光增強，對胞內葉綠體部位的回雨大學研霓圭揚士學伍茫文熒光增強無明顯作用。

We find the chimeric protein in leaf epidermal cells , stomatal guard cell and root epidermal cell . actin filaments can be visualized clearly in guard cell , in guard cells of open stomata under light , actin filaments arrange reticulate randomly in cytoplasm . in guard cells of closed stomata under darkness , actin filaments arrange curly along the longitude of guard cell 在葉片的表皮細胞、保衛細胞、根部的皮層細胞中有融合蛋白的表達，保衛細胞中微絲標記狀況良好，經光誘導處于開放態的氣孔的保衛細胞微絲呈網狀結構，在細胞內無規則分布；經黑暗誘導處于關閉態的氣孔保衛細胞中微絲束沿保衛細胞縱軸排列，呈卷曲狀分布。

Most interestingly , on the contrary to aba , the dcf fluorescence intensity of guard cells treated by 100 umol l - 1 salicylic acid ( sa ) was not down - regulated by pd98059 , yet pd98059 did not regulate the stomatal movement being induced by light , dark or salicylic acid 但是， pd98059和sa共同處理， hzoz探針熒光強度升高; sa誘導dcf熒光強度升高后，以pd98059處理，對dcf熒光強度無影響;將pd98059注射進入其中的一個保衛細胞，以sa處理，結果顯示兩個細胞內的熒光強度一樣。

However , gus activity in leaves and epidermal strips increased with the prolongation of treatment time . in order to further understand the regulatory mechanism of stomatal movement , we studied one of transcription factors that might be related to stomatal movement . using rt - pcr we isolated atdofl . 7 from arabidopsis , which had a higher homology with stdofl whose expression was very high in guard cells Gus活性熒光定量分析表明， sigp1啟動子驅動的gus活性在干旱、 aba 、高鹽和冷等逆境處理下，在根的表達很微弱，且隨著處理時間的延長變化不大，但在葉片和表皮中的gus活性都有增加的趨勢。

Furthermore , when 10 imo il h2o2 ( final concentration ) was added to the suspension after above treatment caused little reduction in hpts fluorescence . the results obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy suggested that addition of exogenous aba resulted in a rapid decrease in fluorescence in most cellular compartments of the guard cells 維生素c可部分逆轉低濃度h2o2 ( 10 - 5 )所誘導的氣孔關閉過程：并且10 - 6mol l的dpi和103u ml的過氧化氫酶( cat )在一定程度上也逆轉了aba誘導張開氣孔的關閉。

Histochemical staining in tl transgenic tobaccos showed that sigp1 promoter was not only organ - specific ( especially expressed in leaves and guard cells ) , but also highly inducible by multi stress treatment such as drought , aba , high salinity and low temperature . quantitative analysis showed that gus activity in roots was very weak and no great changes were observed after treatment 通過對t1代轉基因苗的組織化學定位表明，該啟動子驅動的gus基因在逆境(如干旱、 aba 、高鹽和冷)脅迫的葉片中表達，根中不表達，且老葉中的表達量高于幼葉中的表達量，說明其表達受發育階段的調控。

A does - dependent study of the aba - induced oxidative burst was observed , in which both the magnitude and rate of dye quenching was directly related to the concentration of aba . and the treatment of the guard cells with catalase of 100 units / ml nearly completely obliterated the quenching reaction induced by 10 | amol / l aba ( final concentration ) 因此， aba可以誘導氣孔保衛細胞產生h2o2 ，其產生的強度和速度與aba的濃度直接有關，并且推測：這種h2o2產生可能是aba誘導氣孔關閉過程中信號轉導鏈的一個中間成分。

The particular characters of leaf epidermis of s . buxifolium which were different from the other species in syzygium such as s . grijsii were that the shape of epidermal cells was generally polygonal with the nearly straight pattern of anticlinal walls , the wax ornamentation of the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis and the surface of the guard cell was all cavemulous , obviously scaly “葉表皮細胞形狀大多為多邊形，垂周壁式樣近平直或弓狀，保衛細胞表面紋飾呈細小致密的小穴狀和明顯鱗片狀，角質膜紋飾呈鱗片狀”是其較獨特的特征。

Nacl ( loomm ) markedly induced the increasing in fluorescence of dcf in guard cells of wild type , but not in ios5 , and the fluorescence intensity in guard cells of wild type was nearly 230 % as much as in ios5 after 15 minutes treatment ; nacl ( loomm ) and aba ( loum ) together induced rapid increasing in fluorescence in both wild type and ios5 外源100mmnacl處理時野生型保衛細胞內熒光顯著增強，而los5保衛細胞內熒光只有輕微的增強，處理15分鐘時，野生型保衛細胞內熒光強度為los5的2 . 17倍； 100mmnacl與10 maba共處理可誘導野生型及los5胞內熒光均迅速增強， 5分鐘時熒光已布滿整個細胞。

In this study we constructed two promoters ( dgp1 and sigp1 ) and analyzed their function in transgenic tobacc os . we combined the dehydration responsive element ( dre ) with guard cell specific element ( gcse ) to construct a novel drought - induced guard cell - specific promoter - dgp1 受干旱誘導的保衛細胞特異性表達啟動子( dgp1 , droughtinducedguardcellspecificpromoter )的構建：利用pcr的方法，擴增出干旱應答元件和保衛細胞特異性元件，然后組裝而成。

It may be a modified stoma with the guard cells permanently open so that water is lost passively by hydrostatic pressure , as in sea lavenders ( limonium ) , or a glandular hair from which water is actively secreted , as in runner bean ( phaseolus ) 這可能是由于氣孔的保衛細胞永久張開而使水分在靜水力的作用下被動排出，比如海薰衣草（補血草屬） ；也可能是由腺毛主動分泌水分到外部，比如紅花菜豆（菜豆數） 。

Most of these species had simple hairs . the stomatal apparatus is paracytic type with one or two subsidiary on both or either side of the guard cells . three types of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells are recognized : straight , sinuolate or sinuate 表皮細胞垂周壁式樣、氣孔分布密度及式樣、下表皮毛被的有無、多少及毛的長度、下表皮角質突起飾物的形態等具有一定的分類學意義。

Recent documents suggested that either h2o2 or no function as signal molecules to mediate aba - induced stomatal closure in guard cells , but there was no report to study on the relationship between h2o2 and no in aba signal transduction pathway 最近的研究結果顯示h _ 2o _ 2和no都能作為信號分子介導aba誘導的氣孔關閉過程，但有關h _ 2o _ 2和no在aba信號轉導途徑中的相互關系知之甚少。

Then a tentative plan came to our brains , is it possible for us to assure guard cells to open when water supply is enough , and close rapidly when plants come across drought stress by regulating expressional pattern of genes 我們的設想是：當水分供應充足時，氣孔盡最大限度開放，吸收co _ 2 ，增加光合產量；當干旱來臨時，氣孔迅速關閉，減少水分喪失，提高作物的水分高效利用率。

H2o2 generation in guard cells was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy based on fluorescence probe h2dcfda . the fluorescence intensity in guard cells of wild type and ios5 was essentially the same before treatment 以h2o2熒光探針h2dcfda結合激光掃描共聚焦顯微技術直接檢測了保衛細胞內的h2o2產生情況。未加任何處理之前，野生型與los5保衛細胞內熒光強度幾乎相等。