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genetic marker

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genetic marker 遺傳標識。

遺傳標識。 “genetic“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 1.遺傳(學)上的。 2.發生的，發展的；創始 ...“marker“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.作記號的人；打分數的人；記分器；劃線器；指示器 ...“marker genetic“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳標記“polymorphic genetic marker“ 中文翻譯：   多態遺傳標記“genetic“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 1.遺傳(學)上的。 2.發生的，發展的；創始的。 adv. -ically “marker“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.作記號的人；打分數的人；記分器；劃線器；指示器；【無線電】指點標；(撞球等的)記分員。 2.【軍事】標靶兵；標兵；標竿；旗標；書簽；〔美國〕紀念標，紀念碑；里程碑。 3.(校中專職)點名先生；經常給學生記分數的先生；監獵人。 4.【英軍】(轟炸用)照明彈。 5.〔美國〕遺傳標記，基因標記。 a marker light 標燈。 a ground marker地面照明彈。 not a marker to [on] 〔美國〕不能和…相比，遠遠配不上。 “distance marker; time marker“ 中文翻譯：   距離刻度“carrier genetic“ 中文翻譯：   基因載體“clinic-genetic“ 中文翻譯：   臨床遺傳的“conditional genetic“ 中文翻譯：   條件發生的“genetic ychology“ 中文翻譯：   發生心理學“genetic (l03)“ 中文翻譯：   與遺傳有關的“genetic abnormalities“ 中文翻譯：   畸形遺傳性; 遺傳畸變“genetic abnormality“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳畸形; 遺傳異常“genetic adaptation“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳適應性; 遺傳性適應“genetic advance“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳進展“genetic affinity“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳關系“genetic algebra“ 中文翻譯：   基因代數“genetic algorithm“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳算法“genetic algorithms“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳算法“genetic alleles“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳等位基因“genetic analysis“ 中文翻譯：   成因分析; 遺傳分析; 遺傳算法“genetic anemia“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳性貧血“genetic anticipation“ 中文翻譯：   遺傳預測“genetic apparatus“ 中文翻譯：   基因器; 遺傳裝置

Research on genetic eye diseases helps to understand how a disease develops and is inherited , as well as to develop genetic markers that aid to diagnose a disease sometimes even before symptoms appear . “ nowadays biotechnology plays an important role in medical research and clinical practice 遺傳眼疾的研究不但有助了解眼疾的成因和遺傳的模式，而且有助找出相關眼疾的基因標志，有可能在病徵出現前作出診斷。

Scientists have identified patterns of genetic markers that can reveal a person ' s geographic ancestry ? a term they prefer to “ race , “ which they say is ambiguously defined and connotes social aspects as well as biology 科學家已經?視出基因標記的模式，這個可以揭露個人“地理學上的先祖” ，或是另一個他們更喜歡用的詞“種族” ，這個辭令科學家認為相當含糊不清的定義和暗示社會的觀點，亦如生物學一般。

Using molecular tests , they found two independent genetic markers of neural crest cells in the sharks “ electroreceptors 通過分子測試，他們在鯊魚的電感受器中發現了神經嵴細胞的兩種獨立基因標志。

genetic material

Objective : as one of the widest length polymorphic genetic markers , short tandem repeat ( str ) , also named microsatellite dna or simple sequence repeats ( ssrs ) , are currently used in forensic hematogenetics . the short tandem repeat loci are widely dispersed in the human genome and have high sensitivity and discrimination power 目的:短串聯重復序列( shorttandemrepeats , str ) ,又稱微衛星dna或簡單重復序列( simplesequencerepeats , ssrs ) ,是目前在法醫物證學中應用最廣泛的片段長度多態性遺傳標記。

For the identification of deer species with body parts like bone , skin , hair , muscle , visceral organ , antler , blood , embryo , and their various products , the traditional methods are not likely powerful enough to discriminate these involved samples . for establishing an effective identification methodology , keratin and mtdna polymorphisms were studied and taken as genetic markers of deer species . the methods established here were proved effective for any deer primary products 對于鹿類動物骨骼、皮張、被毛、肌肉、內臟等組織、茸片、血液、胎兒及這些材料制備的各種產品的種屬鑒定，傳統的方法難以滿足識別鑒定的需要，本文針對這一問題，從角蛋白和dna水平上設計和建立了鹿類動物物種識別方法體系，幾乎可以用于任何鹿類初級產品的鑒別。

The genetic markers detection is the most reliable and precise methods in individual identification , for the pcr technology is especially have high sensitivity , special character and simple operation , it is popular in detecting the dna of the material . it has been developed from cell ' s level to the molecule level , grown from macroscopical level to the microcosmic level , has expanded the range in apph ' cation of material evidence greatly , has improved the quality that forecsics material evidence appraises Dna遺傳標記多態性檢測技術在法醫學領域中的應用，特別是具有靈敏度高、特異性強、適用于降解dna檢材、檢測方法操作簡單、節省時間等特點的pcr技術的應用和普及，使法醫物證檢測由細胞水平發展到分子水平，由宏觀水平發展到微觀水平，由只能否定發展到可以肯定的水平，極大地擴展了法醫物證的應用范圍，提高了法醫物證鑒定的質量。

In addition , the nt - 3 and nt - 4 coding sequences were used to resolve the taxa problems of the giant panda and the red pandacaizurus fulgens ) , combining with mtdna genetic marker and other traditional taxonomic data . the result suggested that the giant panda should be classified as a separate subfamily within ursidae , while the red panda should be included in a monotypic family ailurdae 4基因的保守性，結合線粒體dna上的序列和其它傳統分類學資料，對大熊貓及小熊貓的分類地位進行了探討，認為應將小熊貓單獨列為一科，大熊貓與小熊貓關系較遠，應劃入熊科。

Y chromosome is transmitted in the form of hap - loid , leading to extreme disequilibrium of y chromosome genetic markers distribution in different population . the prerequisite of str application in forensic medicine is establishment of a database of population y - str loci haplotype distribution . therefore we need to form haplotypes by using the known highly polymorphic str loci and detect more local population 由于y染色體呈單倍體遺傳，導致y染色體遺傳標記在不同人群中的分布極不平衡，群體差異比常染色體str位點更加顯著，在法醫學應用的前提條件是：建立含有多個y - str位點的單倍型的群體分布數據庫。

Sinensis and e . j . hepuensis has been found in the sequences of the portions of 16s rdna and pcr / rflp studies of 110 samples , from six river valleys in eastern mainland of china . these subspecies - specific restriction sites allow rapid discrimination with the endonuclease dra i , and therefore can be used as a diagnostic genetic marker for identification of the two subspecies 通過對中國大陸東部6個水系110個絨螯蟹個體16srdna部分序列的測定和pcr rflp分析，發現在合浦絨螯蟹與中華絨螯蟹之間存在3 4個固定的堿基替代，這種亞摘要種特異性的限制性位點可以通過限制性內切酶dra進行快速檢測，成為2個亞種的分子鑒定標記。

The isozyme took one kind of important genetic marker is widely applied to biology research each domain , the plant isozyme can in the very great degree be able to reflect between the plant individual the heredity difference , is surveys the gene difference and the hereditary change one important method 同工酶作為一種重要的遺傳標記被廣泛應用于生物學研究的各個領域，植物同工酶能夠在很大程度上能反映植物個體之間的遺傳差異，是探測基因差異和遺傳變異的一種重要手段。

The rest mutations in pp38 and pp24 are at random . sequence analysis also shows the first 195 nuclear acids of pp38 and pp24 are the same except for the 81 site ( g / c ) , but this mutation does not cause the change of amino acid . we regard this as a genetic marker connecting with geography in the evolution of mdv but not related to isolated time and pathotype of different strain of mdv i 對pp24基因和pp38基因進行同源性比較分析的結果表明，絕大多數毒株二者的前195個核苷酸完全一致，不同毒株間的第81位核苷酸的差異( g / c )并不引起編碼的氨基酸變化，僅僅與地域分布有關，這很可能是mdv在長期病毒衍化過程中形成的地域性遺傳標志，而與病毒的分離年代及mdv的致病型等因素無關。

Dna fingerprinting is increasingly used in india for investigating murder and rape cases and settling paternity disputes . but officials in andhra pradesh say this is the first time they have heard of farmers in the state using dna fingerprinting - which is based on identification by genetic markers - to determine the paternity of a buffalo 安得拉邦的動物管理部門將親自出面負責本次檢測工作的具體實施，以便最終判定該水牛到底與其它哪頭牛具有父子關系，檢測所需的全部費用將由那位最后被證明并非該水牛主人的村民來承擔。

Genetic markers enable plant breeders to begin their selection at the cell stage by looking for the gene responsible and checking at an early stage of cross - breeding , whether the desired gene has been inherited by the offspring plant , instead of having to go through the process of cross - pollination and then growing the offspring to see if they have inherited the desired characteristics , and if not , starting all over again . . 遺傳標記物的存在能夠使植物育種家在細胞階段就開始進行選種，所用的方法包括尋找相應的基因以及在雜交早期進行檢查看看想要的基因是否遺傳到子代植物，這樣就不需要經過復雜的傳統育種過程：雜交授粉種植子代觀察子代是否獲得想要的性狀如果子代沒有攜帶想要的性狀，再從頭開始

The department has established the differential patterns of mutations causative of eye diseases in chinese in more than 10 candidate genes . it has gained international recognition through output from its research work , having contributed 42 publications on genetic eye diseases in international journals and presented 105 papers in international conferences . for clinical genetic screening service , a number of genetic markers based on disease causing mutations using blood samples have been established 眼科及視覺科學學系已確立了十多個引致華人患上遺傳性眼疾的基因突變和標志，部份可作遺傳眼疾檢驗服務之用；這些研究成果獲得國際贊譽，眼科及視覺科學學系先后在國際眼科或遺傳醫學的雜志上發表了42篇論文，并在多個國際學術會議上發表了105個報告。

If genetic markers that signify increased susceptibility could be identified , physicians might someday use a simple blood test to pinpoint those who need close monitoring ? say , by ct scans or echocardiograms ? to catch aneurysms early and determine the best time for surgery 如果能夠找到與發病率相關的基因標志，有朝一日醫生將可能利用簡單的血液檢查，挑出需要嚴密監測的病人，利用電腦斷層掃描或超音波心臟檢查，及早發現動脈瘤，并決定動手術的最佳時刻。

System - the latest revolution in rapid clinical and non - clinical diagnosis and novel genetic markers to the provision of new veterinary and clinical diagnostic methods for infectious diseases and dna testing services , such as : parentage , pre - natal screening , dna fingerprinting and genetically modified food testing 基因晶片的研究與開發，帶給快速臨床及非臨床診斷的最新革命新基因標記研究，尤其是單核甘酸多態標記，皆為科學界最前沿的醫學工具。

As companies began to apply for patents on great swathes of genetic markers for these traits , especially the tiny variations called snps , top institutions and pharmaceuticals companies became so concerned that they set up the snp consortium 在研究人員還沒有排列出人類染色體前，這些人就已經開始鑒別基因的變異，以便讓醫生可以診斷一個特定的病人是不是對患上心臟病特別敏感，或者說，是不是能有一種特效藥對他們起作用。

Research on genetic eye diseases helps to understand how a disease develops and is inherited , as well as to develop genetic markers that aid to diagnose a disease sometimes even before symptoms appear . “ nowadays biotechnology plays an important role in medical research and clinical practice 遺傳眼疾的研究不但有助了解眼疾的成因和遺傳的模式，而且有助找出相關眼疾的基因標志，有可能在病徵出現前作出診斷。

Scientists have identified patterns of genetic markers that can reveal a person ' s geographic ancestry ? a term they prefer to “ race , “ which they say is ambiguously defined and connotes social aspects as well as biology 科學家已經?視出基因標記的模式，這個可以揭露個人“地理學上的先祖” ，或是另一個他們更喜歡用的詞“種族” ，這個辭令科學家認為相當含糊不清的定義和暗示社會的觀點，亦如生物學一般。