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federal constitution 美國憲法。

federal court

The second part , the “ i “ part of the dissertation , respectively reviews the two aspects , changed and unchanged , reflected on latest version of the u . s . federal constitution which was enacted 200 years before and draws a conclusion that the unchanged aspect is in the dominant position . so this part shows the long continuance of the u . s . federal constitution transversally 分別考察了二百年后今天的《聯邦憲法》文本所反映出的變和不變兩個方面,重點分析了變中之不變,闡述了其不變的一面是占主導地位的,從而對《聯邦憲法》之長久存續作了橫向截面上的展示。

The third part , the “ ii “ part of the dissertation - - - - - - the major historical challenges for the u . s . federal constitution , surveys the four major challenges that the constitution experienced : ( i ) the initial formation of the u . s . constitutional system ; ( ii ) the most dangerous constitutional crisis - - - - - - the civil war : ( iii ) the absorption the biggest new element in constitutional system - - - - - - party politics ; ( iv ) the modern challenge - - - - - - the expansion of the power of the federal government and the inflation of the presidential power 第三大部分即文章的“二、美國《聯邦憲法》所經歷的重大歷史考驗” ,對《聯邦憲法》在其歷史中所經受的四大歷史考驗分別進行了考察: (一)美國憲政制度的最初定形, (二)最重大的憲政危機? ? “內戰” , (三)新的最大憲政要素的吸吶? ?政黨政治, (四)現代挑戰? ?聯邦政府權力的擴張和總統權力的膨脹。

In this part , the dissertation detailedly makes a historical survey to the long existence of the u . s . federal constitution and studies how it endures and survives the impacts of the major historical events and maintains its stability and its continuance 在這一部分里文章用比較大的篇幅對美國《聯邦憲法》之長久存續進行了縱向的歷史考察,即考察它是如何存續的,亦即考察它是如何經受住重大歷史考驗而維持自身穩定延續的。

The first parts , the introduction of the dissertation , mainly illustrates the academic value in researching on the long continuance of the u . s . federal constitution so as to set up the research worthiness of the dissertation topic 重點闡發美國《聯邦憲法》長久存續這一事實具有重大理論價值之可能性,從而確立本論文課題的研究價值。第二大部分即文章的“一,美國《聯邦憲法》的變與不變” 。

At the same time , the author believes that the dissertation will more fully show its real academic value as a necessary part of a larger task , making an overall and deeper research to the continuanec of the u . s . federal constitution 同時,我認為本文作為一個更大課題? ?全面、深入地研究美國《聯邦憲法》的存續性? ?的必要組成部分將更充分地顯示出其學術價值。

Judicial review system means the united states courts , especially the supreme court has the authority to examine whether the federal or state legislation or constitution of each state is in accordance with the federal constitution 摘要司法審查制即美國法院特別是聯邦最高法院有權審查聯邦和各州的立法是否符合聯邦憲法的制度。

The author of this dissertation tries to help people get a deeper understanding of the u . s , federal constitution and to obtain a balanced insight into the u . s . federal constitution and its development history 作者希望本文能有助于人們獲得對美國《聯邦憲法》更深的理解和對美國憲政及其歷史更加均衡的認識。

This dissertation reviews and studies the long continuance of the u . s . federal constitution . this dissertation mainly contains three parts 本文是對美國《聯邦憲法》長久存續這一事實所作的考察性研究,文章主要分為兩大部分:第一大部分即文章序言。

Checks were built into the state and federal constitutions to keep the branches of government from joining powers and becoming a source of tyranny 制衡機制在洲和聯邦機構內部建立起來以防止政府各部門的權力聯合而導致專制。

The federal constitution is the main basis to protect college teachers ' and students ' right 因此,聯邦憲法是適用于高等教育的最重要的法源,也是美國大學教師和學生權利保護的主要依據。

Every level of the federal courts has the power to interpret the federal constitution and federal laws and regulations 各個級別的聯邦法院都有權解釋聯邦憲法和聯邦法律法規。