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disputation

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disputation n.爭論，議論；(大學中的)辯論。

n. 爭論，議論；(大學中的)辯論。 “disputationes metaphysica“ 中文翻譯：   形而上學爭論“disputanta“ 中文翻譯：   迪斯普坦塔“disputations on morals“ 中文翻譯：   道德論“disputant“ 中文翻譯：   n. 爭論者。 adj. 爭論的。 “disputatious“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 愛議論的；愛爭論的；爭論的。 disputatious litigants 愛爭論的訴訟當事人。 adv. -ly ,-ness n. “disputably“ 中文翻譯：   易引起辯論地; 有討論余地“disputative“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 1.愛爭論的，愛爭辯的。 2.有關爭論的。 adj. ＝ disputatious. “disputable presumption“ 中文翻譯：   可以反駁的推定, 不確實的推定“dispute“ 中文翻譯：   vt. 1.駁斥，抗辯，對…提出質疑；爭論，辯論。 2.反對，反抗，阻止。 3.爭奪(土地、獎品、勝利等)。 dispute a proposal 辯論一項建議。 dispute a will 對遺囑提出質疑。 dispute every inch of ground 寸土必爭。 dispute the enemy's advance 阻止敵人推進。 dispute a victory [prize] with sb. 和某人爭奪勝利[獎品]。 vi. 1.辯論，爭論。 2.爭吵。 dispute with [against] sb. over [on, about] sth. 與某人爭論某事。 dispute as to who is the greatest English poet 爭論誰是最偉大的英國詩人。 n. 議論，爭論；辯駁，抗辯；爭吵；爭端。 a bitter [hot] dispute 激烈的爭論。 boundary dispute 邊界糾紛。 a labour dispute 勞資糾紛，工潮。 beyond [past, without, out of] dispute 無爭論余地；的確，無疑。 in [under] dispute (在)爭論中的，未決的 (a point in dispute 爭端)。 disputer n. 爭論者，爭辯者。 “disputable“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 有爭論余地的，可質疑的 (opp. indisputable)。 disputable statements 可爭論的說法。

disputatious

Shifting the burden of proof of is the special provision and exception of the principle of burden of proof , during drafting “ civil evidence code “ , divergences about how to regulate the burden of proof appear , jurists have diffirent opinions on it , this paper set out from those divergences and disputes , discussing in detail with six sections : the disputes on the shifting the burden of proof , reasonable define the conception about shifting the burden of proof , the relation of shifting the burden of proof and deduction , shifting the burden of proof in present law and regulations , the function of shifting the burden of proof and the civil cases suitable for this regulation , legislative proposition . this artical elabrates the theoretical and realistic foundation of shifting the burden of proof . moreover , shifting the burden of proof is a phenomenon of proceeding and other regulations of solution to disputation , it is not confined to those laws and regulations of procedure , but also exist in substantial law 舉證責任倒置是舉證責任分配規則中的特殊與例外，在民事證據法的草擬過程中對舉證責任倒置的存廢與否產生了分歧，法學界對此的觀點也呈現出百花齊放的態勢，本文從舉證責任倒置爭議與分歧的觀點出發，基于舉證責任倒置存在與否的爭議、舉證責任倒置概念的合理界定、舉證責任倒置與推定的關系、舉證責任倒置在我國現行法律中的體現、舉證責任倒置的功能及可適用民事案件的具體類型、舉證責任倒置立法完善的構想共六個部分具體闡述，從理論角度、司法實踐及立法構想三個不同的視角分析舉證責任倒置在我國的存在的理論意義、現實意義與立法前景，表明舉證責任倒置不僅在我國具有立法基礎而且有實踐環境，闡述舉證責任倒置雖然是出現于訴訟或是解決爭議的其他程序中的一個現象，但它又不局限于訴訟及其他解決爭議的程序規范，從現有的法律規范及法律實踐來看，舉證責任倒置與實體法是“同呼吸，共命運”的，用句老話說就是“皮之不存，毛將焉附? ”

Privilege is a traditional real right for security , many countries have set the legal mechanism of privilege , but the study on privilege in china is still inadequate , much disputation was around on the question that whether we should establish the privilege mechanism . therefore , the studies in this field have significant meaning in theory and practice 優先權是一項傳統的擔保物權，許多國家在民法典中建立了優先權法律制度體系，但是國內對優先權制度的研究尚不夠深入，對我國物權法是否應確立優先權制度爭議較大，因此本論題的研究具有重大的理論意義和實踐意義。

Under the circumstances of reviewing definition of privilege , i put forward the definition of privilege from the point of view of legal law real right for security , analyze the foundation of privilege mechanism and legislation , explore some issues of legal property of privilege with great disputation and review the privilege origin and its evolution in overseas legal mechanism 本章在評析各種學說對優先權所作定義的基礎上，從法定擔保物權的角度提出了優先權的概念。分析了優先權制度的理論和立法基礎，對國內外爭議較大的優先權的法律性質問題作了深入的探討，并考察了優先權的起源及其在國外法制中的沿革。

Dttb ( digital television terrestrial broadcasting ) is one of the present digital television broadcasting modes , whose transmission media is earth . after a decade of intense research and development , the standards of digital television satellite broadcasting and digital television cable broadcasting have been confirmed . but the standard of digital television terrestrial broadcasting is still in disputation , for its transmission environment is rather awful , its spectrum resource is very limited and its service required is disperse , so it is potential to be improved in many aspects 數字電視廣播發展近十年來，衛星和有線電纜廣播的基本傳輸體制已確定，而地面廣播由于傳輸環境惡劣，頻譜資源有限，應用需求分散，其標準在各國仍有極大的爭議，因為目前沒有一套標準能解決實際地面傳輸中的所有問題，因此數字電視地面廣播在許多方面都有很大的改進潛力。

It has a lot of disputations in both theory and practice . chinese contract law doesn ’ t have a strict definition on contract of construction , neither a clear definition on its limits . this leads to an obscure definition between contract of construction and other contractor agreement , so we have no certainty of the limits both in theory and practice 但我國《合同法》對建設工程合同的定義并不嚴謹,對建設工程合同的適用范圍也未作出準確界定,使得建設工程合同和其他承攬合同的界限模糊,造成理論和實踐中對建設工程合同的適用范圍不能準確把握。

After the research and disputation on urbanization during the last 20 years , it is accorded that the urbanization of china is at the low level . but the research work on the relation between urbanization and economic growth is not sufficient enough . this thesis discusses the relation between urbanization and economic growth systematically , on the basis of macroeconomics , microeconomics and philosophy 本文以城市化對經濟增長有推動作用這個已經達成共識的結論為闡述的觀點，試以自己在碩士研究生期間學習到的宏觀經濟學、微觀經濟學以及哲學上物質與精神的理論為基礎，力圖達到對城市化對于經濟增長推動的作用機理進行系統的闡述。

The revised one is more suitable for our present market situation . disputations rose from this revision . some people think it will make the listed companies “ income statement more pure , but others think the revised one disobeys the international tradition and conflicts with our existing accounting standard system 本文將對這個問題進行更深的論證，不僅是從財務會計理論的角度進行思考，也從證券市場所能提供的經驗證據角度對此修訂進行經驗研究，以期能對此準則的修訂做一個比較全面和客觀的評價。

The contract of construction is established mainly through public bidding invitation and bidding . since we don ’ t have a clear definition on the procedure of making contracts , there is a disputation on the exact time when contracts was established . sending out the public bidding invitation advertisement doesn ’ t mean the establishment of contract of construction with the current law 建設工程合同主要是通過招投標方式訂立,但由于我國《招標投標法》的規定和《合同法》對合同訂立程序的規定不協調,造成理論與實務界對通過招投標方式訂立建設工程合同時,合同的成立時間認識上不統一。

Commercial arbitration ( ca ) , as a substitute of litigation , is a way of solving the commercial disputation and controversies . it is a system to solve the controversies between the parties concerned and ensure the relation of right and obligation of the parties concerned when both parties have commercial controversies . if so , according to the agreements established by both parties , they volunteer to give the commercial controversies to the third party for a promissory adjudication 商事仲裁是解決商事糾紛爭議的一種方式,是與訴訟比肩而立的替代性糾紛解決方式,是發生商事爭議的當事人雙方根據協議,自愿將商事爭議提交第三方作出有約束力的裁決,以解決當事人之間的爭議,確定當事人的權利義務關系的制度。

According to domestic relevant essays and works on this crime , related discussions mainly concentrated on this crime ' s composition characteristic , the form of crime intention and its time of emerging , the asserting of the purpose of illegal possession , the distinction between contract swindling and civil disputation , etc . there is fewer discussions on the concept , the difference between swindling and fraud , the nature of the behavior that swindle intention produced while the effective contract is fulfilled , the evaluation and analysis of the clause of the crime , etc . the author studied related essays and works carefully , then combining the theory of the contract lav and criminal law , to discuss the concepts of this crime , the judicial confirmation of this crime , the evaluation and analysis of the clause of the crime , etc . aiming at casting a brick to attract a jade 從國內有關本罪研究的論文與專著來看，相關論述主要集中在本罪的構成特征，犯罪故意的形式與產生時間，非法占有目的的認定，合同詐騙與民事糾紛的區別等方面，而對本罪的概念，欺詐與詐騙的區別，在有效合同履行過程中產生犯意進而詐騙之行為如何定性，本罪條文評析等方面，尚探討不多。筆者在較詳盡地研讀有關論文、專著的基礎上，結合合同法理論與刑法理論，就合同詐騙罪的概念與特征、司法認定、條文評析等方面展開論述，旨在拋磚引玉。

The disputation about tax competition is not cease . oecd 、 eu and other international institutions also raise the boundary of harmful tax competition . our country should mark the lowest limitation of harmful tax competition in the finance and tax law system like overseas , which can offer standard of the harmful tax competition 理論學界對于兩方面的論辯較多,國際經濟合作與發展組織(簡稱為oecd ) 、歐盟等也提出識別有害稅收競爭的界限,我國稅收法律法規應借鑒國外做法,對有害稅收競爭設置最低限度,以提供判斷有害稅收競爭的標準。

On the background of eco - city ' s development trends and disputation , the thesis firstly reviews the research on the pertinent field . from the urban spatial development of eco - city , summarizes the urban spatial development pattern of traditional city and analyzes eco - city spatial development pattern . then probes into the deep mechanism of it 基于目前生態城市發展的動態與爭議的大背景本文首先回顧了相關生態城市的理論研究情況，然后從生態城市空間發展的角度，通過對傳統城市空間發展模式的總結與比較，對生態城市的空間發展模式進行解析，并進一步分析生態城市空間發展的深層機制。

It shows that coping is in the nature of complicated mechanisms . most of scholars believe that coping results from the int eraction between situation and personality , but the concerned researches fall into fragment and are short of integrity . they can not provide sufficient empirical data to understand the disputation between two coping theories 目前大多數學者都認為應對是情境因素與特質因素交互作用的結果，但是相關的實證研究卻顯得零散而缺乏整合性，因而難以在整體上為理解情境-過程論與特質-結構論的爭論提供有意義的實證研究資料，研究結果也并不令人滿意。

Abstract : the previous listen procedure of civil trial is very necessary to sort out the disputed points , to define the facts and evidence , to guide the persons concerned to give their proofs , to stop the disputation , and to do what is necessary for smoothly civil trial previous 文摘:民事審判庭前聽證,能夠清理爭議焦點,明確有爭議的事實和證據,指導當事人舉證,便于止息紛爭,為順利庭審作好充分準備.這是非常必要的

However , on the cause of the lack of inside need and the start path , there exist disputation among local theoretical fields , practical section and decision layer . the result of practice is not yet ideal up to now , and the pressure of employment is great 然而，在內需不足的病因診斷及啟動途徑上，國內理論界、實踐部門及決策層卻一直有歧議，而且實踐效果至今仍不理想，就業壓力大。

Accompanying the issuing and execution of guarantee law and its judicial interpretations , the real estate mortgage guarantee system of china has been improved day by day . but there are still some unsettled disputations left in our judicial practice 隨著擔保法及相關司法解釋的出臺，不動產抵押擔保制度日趨完善；但在司法實踐中存有爭議，使不動產抵押擔保制度未能發揮其應有作用。

“ partnering ” provides mechanisms for co - operation between the participants , so that energy - sapping disputation is removed and productive working relations are carefully and deliberately built , based on mutual respect , trust and integrity 合作管理制造合作機制給各方的參與者,以致爭論被消除及建立有建設性的工作關系,是小心地及有意地建立,建基于彼此尊重,信任及誠實正直

When therefore paul and barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them ， they determined that paul and barnabas ， and certain other of them ， should go up to jerusalem unto the apostles and elders about this question 2保羅巴拿巴與他們大大的分爭辯論，眾門徒就定規，叫保羅，巴拿巴和本會中幾個人，為所辯論的，上耶路撒冷去，見使徒和長老。

In order to acknowledge and understand the principle of cfa , this paper introduces the radiation and working rules of traditional antenna and cfa . furthermore , it points out disputation about cfa 為了很好的認識和理解cfa的工作原理,本文首先比較了傳統振子型天線與新型cfa天線的輻射和工作原理,并且指出了cfa理論存在的爭議。