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choline

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choline n.【生物化學】膽堿。

n. 【生物化學】膽堿。 “acetyl choline“ 中文翻譯：   乙酰膽堿“acetylchloride choline“ 中文翻譯：   氯化乙酰膽堿“benzoyl choline“ 中文翻譯：   苯甲酰膽堿“chloride choline“ 中文翻譯：   氯化膽堿“choline acetate“ 中文翻譯：   醋酸膽堿“choline acetylase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿乙酰化酶; 膽堿乙酰酯酶; 膽鹼乙酰化酶, 膽鹼乙酰基轉移酶; 膽鹼乙酰基轉移酶“choline acetyltransferase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿乙酰基轉移酶“choline acetyltransterase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿乙酰轉移酶“choline acid“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿酸“choline alfoscerate“ 中文翻譯：   甘磷酸膽堿“choline ascorbate“ 中文翻譯：   抗壞血酸膽堿“choline bitartrate“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿酸式酒石酸鹽; 酒石酸氫膽堿“choline bromide“ 中文翻譯：   溴化膽堿“choline chloride“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿鹽酸鹽; 膽鹼氯化物; 氯化膽堿; 氯化膽鹼“choline choride“ 中文翻譯：   氯化肥堿“choline citrate“ 中文翻譯：   檸檬酸膽堿; 枸櫞酸膽堿,膽堿枸櫞酸鹽“choline compound“ 中文翻譯：   復方膽堿“choline deficiency“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿不足; 膽堿缺乏癥“choline deficient“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿不足的“choline dehydrogenase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿脫氫酶; 膽鹼脫氫酶“choline ester“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿酯“choline esterase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿脂酶; 膽堿酯酶; 膽鹼酯酶“choline gluconate“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿葡萄糖酸鹽; 葡萄糖酸膽堿; 葡萄糖酸膽鹼“choline glycerophosphate“ 中文翻譯：   甘磷酸膽堿; 甘油磷酸膽堿“cholinacetyltranslase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿乙酰轉移酶“choline acetyl transferase“ 中文翻譯：   膽堿乙酰轉移酶

2 . ne - evoked contraction was not significantly changed after the extracellular na + was replaced by choline and c4h12n + , but was relaxed when the extracellular cl - was replaced by glutamate and gluconate . moreover , the vasoconstriction induced by ne was further enhanced with the replacement of the extracellular cl “ by br “ and scn “ , which was still sensitive to either nfa or nppb 用氯化膽堿和四甲基氯化按分別替代灌流液中的氯化鈉后血管張力無明顯變化，在此基礎上nfa 、 nppb仍能抑制血管收縮，引起血管完全舒張；用通透性低的陰離子谷氨酸根和葡萄糖酸根分別替代灌流液中的q后血管發生舒張；用通透性高的陰離子br和scn分別替代灌流液中的ci后血管張力增加，并能被nfa 、 nppb所抑制。

Composition : 8 essential amino acids , vitamins c , a beta - carotene , b1 , b2 , b6 , b12 , e k , niacin , panthothenic acid , folic acid , biotin , choline , inositol , paba , chlorophyll , chlorella growth factor nucleic acids dna rna 日本食品分析中心在檢驗中證實“紅日牌日本綠藻“ ,含有蛋白質葉綠素綠藻精c . g . f多種維他命礦物質以及人體所需的各種氨基酸等，因此，可說是營養最均衡的保健品。

2 . ne - evoked contraction was not significantly changed after the extracellular na + was replaced by choline and c4h12n + , but was relaxed when the extracellular cl - was replaced by glutamate and gluconate . moreover , the vasoconstriction induced by ne was further enhanced with the replacement of the extracellular cl “ by br “ and scn “ , which was still sensitive to either nfa or nppb 用氯化膽堿和四甲基氯化按分別替代灌流液中的氯化鈉后血管張力無明顯變化，在此基礎上nfa 、 nppb仍能抑制血管收縮，引起血管完全舒張；用通透性低的陰離子谷氨酸根和葡萄糖酸根分別替代灌流液中的q后血管發生舒張；用通透性高的陰離子br和scn分別替代灌流液中的ci后血管張力增加，并能被nfa 、 nppb所抑制。

Composition : 8 essential amino acids , vitamins c , a beta - carotene , b1 , b2 , b6 , b12 , e k , niacin , panthothenic acid , folic acid , biotin , choline , inositol , paba , chlorophyll , chlorella growth factor nucleic acids dna rna 日本食品分析中心在檢驗中證實“紅日牌日本綠藻“ ,含有蛋白質葉綠素綠藻精c . g . f多種維他命礦物質以及人體所需的各種氨基酸等，因此，可說是營養最均衡的保健品。

cholinergic

All of our products is exported likelactobacillus acidophilus , bidifobacterium longum , lactobacillus paracasei , lactobacillus rhamnosus , tagatose , lnulin , nisin , natamycin , - polylysine , nucleotides mix , adenosine monophosphate , cytidine monophosphate , guanosine monophosphate disodium , uridine monophosphate disodium , calcium inosinate , calcium guanylate , calcium 5 - ribonucleotide , damp , dcmp , dgmp , tmp , deoxyadenosine , 2 , 6 - diaminopurine nucleoside , 2 , 6 - diaminopurine deoxynucleoside , adenine arabinoside , adenosine triphosphate , uridine triphosphate , guanosine triphosphate , cytidine triphosphate , cytidine diphosphate choline （ citicoline ） to all over the world , if you are interested in our products , please do visit our website , hope there will fullfill your requirement 主營產品有益生菌（嗜酸乳桿菌、長雙歧桿菌、干酪乳桿菌、鼠李糖乳桿菌） 、塔格糖、菊粉（菊糖） 、乳酸鏈球菌素、納他霉素、 -聚賴氨酸、核苷酸,腺苷酸,胞苷酸,鳥苷酸二鈉,尿苷酸二鈉,肌苷酸,鳥苷酸鈣,核糖核苷酸鈣,脫氧腺苷酸,脫氧胞苷酸,胸苷酸二鈉,脫氧鳥苷酸二鈉,脫氧腺苷, 2 -氨基脫氧腺苷, 2 -氨基腺苷,阿糖腺苷,胞二磷膽堿,腺苷三磷酸,三磷酸尿苷,三磷酸胞苷,三磷酸鳥苷等

The fish lil liquid hard capsule selects the pure fish oil and the import lecithin which the non - pollution deep sea fish refinement becomes is the primary data , including the rich unsaturated fatty acid ( dha + epa ) and phosphor - lipin acid radical choline ( pc ) , is the young people and the child ce - rebrum grows the important nutrition ingredient 魚油液體硬膠囊選用無污深海魚提煉而成的精純魚和進口卵磷脂為主要原料，含豐富的不飽和脂肪酸（ dha + epa ）和磷脂酰膽堿（ pc ） ，是青少年及兒童大腦成長中重要的營養成分。

A mechanism that interprets this phenomenon was proposed as follows : the adsorbents can interact with phospholipid of ldl through calcium ion cross - linking of the phospholipid phosphate groups of ldl and the carboxyl groups of sde ligands . on the other hand , the electrostatic interaction between the positive charge of the phospholipid choline nitrogen of ldl and the negative charge of carboxyl groups of sde ligands is enhanced by the calcium cross - linking of the phosphate groups of neighboring phospholipids in ldl 其可能的原因是：在吸附體系中如存在大量的cay ，一方面ca可以作為橋梁連接ldl所含磷脂極性頭部的磷酸基團和吸附微珠配體上的孩基；另一方面又可交聯相鄰磷脂間的磷酸基團，從而促進ldl所含磷脂極性頭部的膽堿n ”與配體竣基的相互作用。

It is the optimal time for subjecting creatine to the medium when cultured to 12h and the concentration of creatine was 0 . 75 % . creatine , sarcosine and choline chloride could induce the creatinase production and creatine was the optimal inducer , but creatinine and urea could not induce the creatinase production . 3 purification of creatinase the process of creatinase purification was performed as follows : first the enzyme was completely precipitated in the range of 40 - 80 % of saturation with ammonia sulfate fraction precipitation 最佳氮源為玉米漿和蛋白胨，最佳比例為2 ： 3 ，最佳濃度為1 . 6 ；加入其它碳源時有助于菌株穩定產酶； 100ml搖瓶的最佳裝液量為15ml ；肌酸、肌氨酸和氯化膽堿都能誘導菌株產酶，其中肌酸誘導產酶的效果最好，而肌酐和尿素不能誘導菌株產酶；誘導物肌酸的最適加入時間為接種培養12小時后，最適加入量為0 . 75 。

In higher plants , betaine is synthesized by a two - step oxidation of choline : choline - betaine aldehyde - betaine . the first step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase ( cmo ) . the second step is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ( badh ) 高等植物中，甜菜堿由膽堿經兩步酶催氧化得到，即：膽堿- -甜菜堿醛- -甜菜堿，催化第一步反應的酶是膽堿單加氧酶( cholinemonooxygenase ， cmo ) ，催化第二步反應的酶是甜菜堿醛脫氫酶( betainealdehydedehydrogenase ， badh ) 。

2 . ne - evoked contraction was not significantly changed after the extracellular na + was replaced by choline and c4h12n + , but was relaxed when the extracellular cl - was replaced by glutamate and gluconate . moreover , the vasoconstriction induced by ne was further enhanced with the replacement of the extracellular cl “ by br “ and scn “ , which was still sensitive to either nfa or nppb 用氯化膽堿和四甲基氯化按分別替代灌流液中的氯化鈉后血管張力無明顯變化，在此基礎上nfa 、 nppb仍能抑制血管收縮，引起血管完全舒張；用通透性低的陰離子谷氨酸根和葡萄糖酸根分別替代灌流液中的q后血管發生舒張；用通透性高的陰離子br和scn分別替代灌流液中的ci后血管張力增加，并能被nfa 、 nppb所抑制。

Bsp ( boyine seminal plasma ) protein is the cardinal protein in bovine sperm , which can combine with choline or phosphycholine and then adhere to the surface of sperm to promote the sperm capacitation induced by heparin and high density lipoproteins ( hdl ) . moreover , bsp protein can combine with heterogeneous collagen , fibrinogen , heparin , calmoduline , igf - ii and apoa - i . bsp can also inhibit the migration of cholesterol on the sperm membrane 前言bsp ( bovineseminalplasma )蛋白是牛精漿中的主要蛋白質， bsp蛋白可以與膽堿或磷脂膽堿結合，黏附于精子表面，可促進由肝素、 hdl等誘導的獲能過程，另外bsp蛋白與不同來源的膠原、纖維蛋白原、肝素、鈣調蛋白、 igf - 、 apoa -等結合， bsp蛋白還可抑制精子胞膜上的膽固醇遷移，這些都暗示了bsp蛋白在精子胞膜的脂類代謝及調節精子的獲能以及頂體反應方面發揮重要作用。

Methods : in cultured lung explants without serum , the lipid component synthesis of pulmonary surfactant was evaluated in [ 3h ] - choline incorporation ; mrna content of phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase ( cct ) in lung explants was investigated in rt - pcr ; the changes of the ultrastructure of the at ii cells were observed with electron microscope ; the expression of nmdar1 subtype was observed in immunohistochemistry staining ; nitric oxide synthase ( nos ) activity , nitric oxide ( no ) content , superoxide dismutase ( sod ) level , malondialdehyde ( mda ) content and lactae dehydroase ( ldh ) level were determined by biochemistry methods . results : 1 . influence of glutamate on synthesis of the lipid component of pulmonary surfactant ? with l - arginine , glu inhibited [ 3h ] - choline incorporation with good dose - dependence and time - dependence ; ( 2 ) mrna content of cct of the glu treatment groups was decreased ; ( 3 ) glu increases the release of ldh in cultured lung explants ; ( dwith electron microscope histochemistry , glu induced the changes of the ultrastruture of at ii iv cells 方法：采用成年大鼠肺組織無血清培養，運用[ ~ 3h ] -膽堿摻入法測定ps主要脂質磷脂酰膽堿( pc )合成量； rt - pcr擴增檢測肺組織中pc合成限速酶磷酸膽堿二胞苷酰基轉移酶( cct ) mrna含量；透射電子顯微鏡法觀察肺泡型上皮細胞和ps系統超微結構的變化；免疫組織化學染色檢測glu的受體nmdar1亞單位的表達；生化測定肺組織乳酸脫氫酶( ldh )釋放量和肺組織勻漿中一氧化氮合酶( nos )活性、一氧化氮( no )生成量、超氧化物歧化酶( sod )水平以及丙二醛( mda )含量。

Mechanism of glutamate - induced inhibition of pulmonary surfactant lipid synthesis ? mda receptor ( nmdar ) antagonist mk - 801 could reverse glutamate - induced inhibition of [ 3h ] - choline incorporation in lung explants ; ? he expression of nmdar1 subtype existed in alveolar type ii epithelial cells ; ? he effect of glu on pc synthesis required l - arginine in cultured lung explants , nos activity and no production were increased significantly in lung explants with glu treatment ; and mk - 801 and nos inhibitor l - nna could block the increase of nos activity and no production induced by glu ; l - nna also could reverse the inhibition of [ 3h ] - choline incorporation induced by glu ; ( 4 ) mda content increased and sod level decreased in cultured lung explants of glu treament groups , mk - 801 and l - nna could reverse these effects ; ( 3 ) mk - 801 , l - nna could block the release of ldh induced by glu 谷氨酸對肺表面活性物質脂質合成抑制的機制研究nmda受體拮抗劑mk - 801能逆轉glu所致肺組織[ ~ 3h ] -膽堿摻入減少的效應；肺泡上皮細胞有nmda受體nmdar1亞單位的表達； glu對ps脂質合成的影響依賴l -精氨酸的存在， glu可使肺組織勻漿中nos活性、 no合成量升高； mk - 801 、 nos的抑制劑l - nna均可阻斷glu所致的這些效應； l - nna可逆轉glu所致肺組織[ ~ 3h ] -膽堿摻入減少的效應； glu可使肺組織勻漿中mda碩士學位論文中文摘要含量增高、 sod水平下降。 mk七0 、 l nna能阻斷q所致的這些效應； mk80 、 l nna還能阻斷gill誘導的ldh釋放增多的效應。

The apparent drop in choline levels was much greater than could be accounted for by a relative lack of food , so dr nicholson suspects that the restricted diet was also causing the composition of the dogs ' gut flora to change in a way that did not favour choline - munching bugs 膽堿級別的明顯下降幅度比靠相對食物節制導致的幅度大得多,因此尼古爾遜博士就懷疑強制節食同樣也會導致狗體內內臟細菌群族的活動方式的改變,這樣那些嚼食膽堿的細菌蟲就失去了立足之地

In addition , the biosensor could be used for the detection of benzoic acid . the choline oxidase electrode based on polyaniline / polyacrylonitrile composite film showed sensitive and stable bioelectrochemical response to choline , which was influenced by ph , working potential and temperature 研究發現，基于聚苯胺/聚丙烯腈復合膜的膽堿氧化酶電極對膽堿具有靈敏和穩定的生物電化學響應，被測溶液的ph值、工作電位、使用溫度等對酶電極的響應有一定的影響。

Choline dehydrogenase ( cdh ) isolated from escherichia coli , can help the expression of glycine betaine efficiently . to get some salt - tolerant plants , the cdh gene , mediated by agrobacterium , was transformed to the haploid of populus simoniixp . nigra 本實驗以農桿菌( agrobacteriumtumefaciens )為介導進行遺傳轉化，將編碼cdh的耐鹽基因( bet - a )導入小黑楊( populussimonii p . nigra )單倍體植株( haploid )的基因組內，以期獲得耐鹽植株。

Composition : 8 essential amino acids , vitamins c , a beta - carotene , b1 , b2 , b6 , b12 , e k , niacin , panthothenic acid , folic acid , biotin , choline , inositol , paba , chlorophyll , chlorella growth factor nucleic acids dna rna 日本食品分析中心在檢驗中證實“紅日牌日本綠藻“ ,含有蛋白質葉綠素綠藻精c . g . f多種維他命礦物質以及人體所需的各種氨基酸等，因此，可說是營養最均衡的保健品。

Lecithin ( phosphatidyl choline ) one of a group of phospholipids that contain glycerol , fatty acid , phosphoric acid , and choline that are found widely in higher plants and animals , particularly as a component of cell membranes 卵磷脂（磷脂酰膽堿） ：磷脂的一種，由甘油、脂肪酸、磷酸和膽堿組成，在高等動植物中廣泛存在，是細胞膜的重要組分。

A complex natural antioxidant ( cna ) comprised of liquorice ( glycyrrhizauralensis fisch ) extract ( ge ) , orange peel ( pericarpium citri reticulatae ) extract ( pe ) , phosphatidyl choline ( pc ) , ascorbic acid ( vc ) and citric acid ( ca ) was prepared 摘要研究了一種由甘草提取物、陳皮提取物、卵磷脂、抗壞血酸和檸檬酸組成的復合天然杭氧化劑。