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gymnosperm

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gymnosperm n.【植物；植物學】裸子植物 (opp. angiosp...

n. 【植物；植物學】裸子植物 (opp. angiosperm)。 adj. -ous ,-y n. “gymnosperm database“ 中文翻譯：   裸子植物數據庫“gymnosperm; gymnospermae“ 中文翻譯：   裸子植物“gymnosophist“ 中文翻譯：   n. 古印度實行裸體的苦行者；裸體主義者。 “gymnosolen“ 中文翻譯：   化石海藻; 裸枝疊層石屬; 錐管藻屬“gymnospermae“ 中文翻譯：   (二)裸子植物門; 裸子植物綱; 裸子植物群; 裸子植物亞門“gymnoptera“ 中文翻譯：   裸翅類“gymnospermous“ 中文翻譯：   裸子的; 裸子植物的“gymnopore“ 中文翻譯：   裸芽孢“gymnospermous plants“ 中文翻譯：   裸子植物類“gymnopodous“ 中文翻譯：   裸足的

gymnotus

The genetic data were analyzed using the popgene version 1 . 31 and the ntsys version 2 . 02 and dendrograms were constructed using similarity coefficient and upgma clustering method . this study showed that population genetic diversity was much lower than other gymnosperm and there was no distinct genetic differentiation among individuals in this population . in order to protect or preserve its genetic resource , it is suggested that the most individuals in the population should be selected as we can 研究結果表明： aflp方法是一種十分有效的檢測種群遺傳多樣性的分子標記，既具有可靠性又有方便高效性；元寶山冷杉種群的遺傳多樣性水平很低，種群內各個個體間的相似性系數很大，遺傳關系很近，無明顯的遺傳分化，這說明該種群的適應能力差、進化潛力有限，瀕危程度很高；若要保護或保存這個物種的遺傳資源，建議應該選擇種群內盡可能多的個體進行保護。

The gymnosperms of jiangxi province interacted with areas being connected with jiangxi province through nanling mountains , wuyi mountains and luoxiao mountains , the similarity coefficient indicates that there is close relationship between gymnospermous flora of jiangxi province and those of southern china or central china or southeasten china ( similarity coefficient above 50 % ) , while far relationship between jiangxi and shanxi province ( northern china ) ( similarity coefficient 6 . 1 % ) 江西現代裸子植物通過南嶺山脈、武夷山脈和羅霄山脈等與周邊地區聯系密切，相似性系數顯示江西裸子植物區系與華南、華中、西南聯系密切（相似系數皆大于50 % ） ，與華北比較疏遠（相似系數為6 . 1 % ） 。

Longling palynoflora comprises of 86 palynomorphs belonging to 61 families , and consist of angiosperms ( 69 . 0 % ) , gymnosperms ( 4 . 6 % ) , pteridophytes ( 24 . 1 % ) and algae ( 2 . 3 % ) . longling palynological data indicate a vertical paleovegetational landscape : humid evergreen broad - leaved forest occurred on the slopes near the deposit site , and dominant elements were castanopsis , lithocarpus , cycobalanopsis , mixed with ericaceae , anacardiaceae and sapindaceae etc , and abundant ferns grew in the forest ; the mixed coniferous / broad - leaved forest and coniferous forest distributed on the area of high elevation , dominant elements were tsuga , pinus , picea and abies 濕性常綠闊葉林分布在沉積地附近，以殼斗科的石櫟屬、青岡屬和栲屬為主，混生漆樹科、桃金娘科、蓼科、大戟科和金縷梅科的楓香屬等植物，林內蕨類植物豐富；針闊葉混交林分布在距沉積地較遠海拔較高的山地，主要包括松屬，鐵杉屬，羅漢松屬和一些闊葉植物類群；云杉林、冷杉林和鐵杉林分布在更高海拔的地區。

Liihe palynological data indicate a vertical paleovegetational landscape : evergreen broad - leaved forest dominated by castanopsis , lithocarpus , cycobalanopsis and anacardiaceae etc occurred on the slopes near the deposit site ; mixed coniferous / broad - leaved forest and coniferous forest occurred on the area of high elevation , and main elements were tsuga , podocarpus , pinus , picea and abies etc . seven paleoclimatic parameters of liihe area estimated include mat ( 13 . 3 - 20 . 9c ) , wmt ( 22 . 5 - 27 . 5c ) , cmt ( 2 . 5 - 12 . 6c ) , dt ( 12 . 1 - 24 . 8c ) , map ( 803 . 6 - 1254 . 7mm ) , mmap ( 179 . 4 - 281 . 9mm ) and mmip ( 10 . 2 - l8 . 5mm ) . yangyi palynoflora comprises of 52 palynomorphs belonging to 32 families . the percentage of angiosperms is 61 . 5 % , gymnosperms 9 . 6 % , pteridophytes 25 . 0 % , algae 3 . 9 % 呂合孢粉植物群的組成反映該地區在沉積時期植被具有垂直分帶特征，沉積地附近分布有常綠闊葉林，包括殼斗科的青岡屬、栲屬、石櫟屬和漆樹科等植物，以及多種亞熱帶和溫帶闊葉成分；林中混生少量針葉樹(如松屬和杉科等) ；林內蕨類植物較少；距沉積地較遠的海拔較高的地區分布由鐵杉屬、冷杉屬、雪松屬和云杉屬組成的針闊混交林或針葉林。

1 ) and the national important wild conservative plants list ( list 1 ) , there are 191 species of 152 genera in 83 families of the rare and endangered plants in yunnan province . among them , there are 17 species of 13 genera in 13 families of pteridophyta ; 24 species of 15 genera in 7 families of gymnosperm ; 150 species of 124 genera in 63 families of angiosperm 依據《中國植物紅皮書》 (第一冊)和《國家重點保護野生植物名錄(第一批) 》兩部出版物，分布于云南省范圍內的珍稀瀕危植物共計83科152屬191種(不重復統計) ，其中，蕨類植物13科13屬17種，裸子植物7科15屬24種，被子植物63科124屬150種。

With the development of modem biological science and technology , great progress has been made in tissue culthe as an importam means of science study ginkgo is a gymnosperm , so its tissue culture is especially hard . at present , the research aboot ginkgo tissue culture and genetic transformation was limited and it has not been reported abollt its success , so it is very necessary to establish ginkgo regeneration system 隨著現代生物技術的發展，植物組織培養作為一種重要的研究手段取得了可喜的進步，裸子植物銀杏組織培養尤其困難。但目前銀杏組織培養和遺傳轉化的研究并不多，成功的例子還沒有。建立一個銀杏的高頻高效再生體系已是刻不容緩的事。

As a general rule , forests dominated by angiosperms ( broadleaf forests ) are more species - rich than those dominated by gymnosperms ( conifer or needleleaf forests ) , although exceptions exist ( for example , species - poor aspen and birch stands in northern latitudes ) 作為普遍規則，受被子植物支配的森林（闊葉林）比那些受裸子植物支配的森林（松樹或針葉林）物種豐富，雖然有例外存在（例如，種類匱乏的白楊和樺樹生長在北緯度地區） 。

There are 1267 species of seed plants belonging to 528 genera in 121 families , including gymnosperms ( 9 species , 6 genera and 4 families ) and angiosperms ( 117 families , 522 genera and 1258 species ) in laojun mountain nature reserve in pingshan county , sichuan province 摘要通過野外調查和查閱資料，四川省屏山縣老君山自然保護區有種子植物121科528屬1267種，其中裸子植物4科6屬9種；被了植物117科522屬1258種。

Cycadophyta ( cycads ) a phylum of cone - bearing gymnosperms ( about 75 living species ) with palmlike compound leaves and special coralloid roots at or near the ground surface , which contain symbiotic nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria 蘇鐵綱（蘇鐵類植物） ：包含球果的一類裸子植物（現存種大約有75種） ，它們具有掌狀的復葉，在近地面處有特殊的珊瑚狀的根，根內含有共生的固氮藍細菌。

Through investigation to west lake spot in huizhou , it showed that the pot had 127 species woody plant which belong to 48 families , including 6 families 8 species gymnosperm and 42 families 118 species angiosperm 摘要通過對惠州市西湖風景區的木本植物資源的調查，結果表明該景區的木本植物種類總類為48科127種，其中裸子植物有6科8種，被子植物有42科118種。

Ching in 1978 ; those of the naked - seed plants ( gymnosperms ) follows that of kubitzki in 1990 ; and those of the flowering plants ( angiosperms ) follows the system of cronquist in 1988 標本是以科歸類，蕨類植物采用了1978年的秦仁昌系統，裸子植物采用1990年的kubitzki的系統，被子植物則采用1988年cronquist的系統。

Successful experiments have been demonstrated in arobidopsis , aspen , rice and citrus . although ginkgo is an old gymnosperm , its leafy ortholog will perhaps controls flowering time 雖然銀杏是較古老的裸子植物，但由于leafy基因的保守性，銀杏leafy同源基因也可能調控著銀杏開花的時間。

These genera and ephedra also hve advanced tracheids with a structure reminiscent of angiosperm vessels , whereas in other gymnosperms the xylem is composed solely of more primitive tracheids 這些屬以及麻黃屬植物和被子植物一樣有進化的管胞，而其他的裸子植物的木質部只由很多導管組成。

He also observed that gymnosperm ovules were not enclosed in an ovary wall , leading to the establishment of one of the basic differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms 他還觀察到裸子植物的胚珠并不是被子房壁包圍，這個發現直接導致了被子植物和裸子植物之間最根本的幾點區別的建立。

Strobilus ( pl . strobili ) a group of sporophylls ( spore - bearing leaves ) arranged around a central axis , found in gymnosperms , lycophyta ( clubmosses ) , and sphenophyta ( horsetails ) 球果：孢子葉向中軸聚攏形成的結構，存在于裸子植物門植物、石松亞門植物（石松）和木賊綱植物中（楔葉類） 。

Till today there is no report on molecular evolution of 5s rdna in pinus . thus , the rdna variation pattern and organization in gymnosperm genomes are the primary focus of the present project 8s - 26srdna位點數平均較被子植物多， 5srdna除pinusradiata外，在其它種里則與被子植物相似。

Albuminous cell 1 . a vertically elongated parenchyma cell , found in groups in the rays of the secondary phloem in gymnosperms , where they are associated with sieve cells 蛋白質細胞： 1 .在裸子植物的次生韌皮部薄壁組織和韌皮射線中發現的1種垂直伸長的細胞，通常與篩胞相結合。

In many gymnosperms the nuclei divide within the pollen grain to produce a small number of cells ( 2 - 40 depending on the group ) representing the male prothallus 在許多裸子植物中，細胞核在花粉粒中分裂以產生少量的細胞（ 2 40個，取決于不同種類） ，代表雄性原葉體。

In the clubmosses and horsetails only one type of strobilus is formed , while in the gymnosperms female megastrobili and male microstrobili both develop 石松和楔葉類只形成一種類型的球果，然而裸子植物既有雌性的大孢子葉球也有雄性的小孢子葉球。